Variation in seed handling by two species of forest monkeys in Rwanda

Kaplin, Beth A.; Moermond, Timothy C.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1998)45:1<83::aid-ajp7>3.0.co;2-s

Cited by 66 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Flexibility is also shown by the 42 cercopithecine species (62%) defined as semi-terrestrial, since they are able to consume fruit from all layers of the habitat (Appendix A; Kaplin and Moermond, 1998;Yasuda et al, 2005;Albert, 2012). The remaining species are either completely terrestrial (18%) or arboreal (19%).…”

Section: Characteristics That Are Related To Disturbance-tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…They alternate these seed processing techniques according to phenology patterns, plant species and resource availability (Kaplin and Moermond, 1998;Tsujino and Yumoto, 2009), and may even use various deposition patterns for the same plant species (Albert, 2012;Lambert and Garber, 1998). This creates a unique seed shadow, which could have positive consequences for seed survival (Gross-Camp and Kaplin, 2005;Schupp et al, 2010;Stoner et al, 2007).…”

Section: Cercopithecines As Seed Dispersersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In cercopithecines, swallowed seeds tend to be smaller than spat-out seeds (Lambert, 1999;Lucas and Corlett, 1998) (Appendix B) but recorded seed size limitations of most cercopithecines are not absolute. As seed size increases, the animals tend to swallow fewer seeds and spit more, thereby still dispersing a small number of large seeds by defecation (Kaplin and Lambert, 2002;Kaplin and Moermond, 1998;Otani, 2010;Poulsen et al, 2001;Yumoto et al, 1998). The largest seed recorded being swallowed for each species (N = 8) is significantly related to body size (Pearson's correlation: r = 0.792, p = 0.02) with seeds as long as 42 mm being swallowed by Mandrillus leucophaeus (Astaras and Waltert, 2010) the largest cercopithecine (Appendix B).…”

Section: Cercopithecines As Seed Dispersersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only C. lhoestii has been documented dispersing seeds into disturbed habitats (Gross-Camp and Kaplin, 2011); however, several other species have been reported to use good quality forest fragments or move between fragments (Cercopithecus ascanius, Cercopithecus cephus, Cercopithecus nictitans, Cercopithecus mitis, Cercopithecus mona; Chapman et al, 2002;Chapman and Onderdonk, 1998;Kaplin and Moermond, 1998;Kirika, 2007;Stickler, 2004;Thomas, 1991) and probably disperse seeds within fragments or the matrix surrounding fragments. Lophocebus albigena has also been reported consuming fruit in heavily disturbed regions (Kirika, 2007).…”

Section: Seed Dispersal In Disturbed Habitatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While some species are dependent on undisturbed habitats, others are among the most conspicuous primates in heavily disturbed regions (Biquand et al, 1994;Gross-Camp and Kaplin, 2011;Richard et al, 1989;Rowe and Myers, 2011;Twinomugisha et al, 2006). Cercopithecine monkeys are considered important seed dispersers in many habitats where they have been studied (e.g., tropical forests (Kaplin and Moermond, 1998), temperate forests (Tsujino and Yumoto, 2009), savannas (Slater and du Toit, 2002)). Some species may currently be providing critical services in disturbed habitats in Asia and Africa (Agmen et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

The value of disturbance-tolerant cercopithecine monkeys as seed dispersers in degraded habitats

Albert¹,

McConkey²,

Savini³

et al. 2014

Biological Conservation

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a b s t r a c tHabitat disturbance has caused a global decline in populations of frugivores, with critical consequences for seed dispersal. Large-seeded plants are especially threatened as they depend on a restricted number of large-bodied dispersers that are vulnerable to extinction and cannot maintain populations in most disturbed habitats. Cercopithecine monkeys are potentially key seed dispersers in disturbed habitats, because of the robustness of some species to disturbance and their ability to disperse large seeds. However, the potential ecological roles of the more disturbance-tolerant species are rarely discussed. This review evaluates the seed dispersal role of cercopithecines in disturbed habitats by investigating their ability to tolerate habitat disturbance, their seed dispersal abilities, and the threats to species survival. Cercopithecines are characterised by ecological flexibility; most species adjust their diet, group size, home range size and, often, feeding methods according to resource availability and habitat structure. Consequently, 79% of species are tolerant of varying degrees of habitat disturbance. Cercopithecines are often inconsistent seed dispersers, but they have the capacity to disperse many seeds, large seeds and to disperse them across large distances. They may be among the most important frugivores in altered environments in Asia and Africa. However, many disturbance-tolerant cercopithecine species are targeted by local people as pests, which poses a major threat to their conservation. In conclusion, the management of all disturbance-tolerant cercopithecine species should be re-evaluated given their importance in the regeneration of degraded Asian and African habitats.

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Section: Characteristics That Are Related To Disturbance-tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cercopithecines As Seed Dispersersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cercopithecines As Seed Dispersersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Seed Dispersal In Disturbed Habitatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The value of disturbance-tolerant cercopithecine monkeys as seed dispersers in degraded habitats

Albert¹,

McConkey²,

Savini³

et al. 2014

Biological Conservation

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Seed handling in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and redtail monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius): Implications for understanding hominoid and cercopithecine fruit-processing strategies and seed dispersal

Lambert

1999

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

143

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Primates are confronted with an array of constraints in feeding on fruit, including the removal of adhesive, energy-rich pulp from seeds. In this paper, I discuss how primates meet this challenge and present data on the fruit-processing and seed-handling behavior of chimpanzees and redtail monkeys in Kibale National Park, Uganda. These data are then related to these species' services as seed dispersers. Particular attention was paid to the methods by which primates removed pulp from seeds, the density of seed clumps that they deposited (by spitting, dropping, or defecating) to the forest floor, and the distance seeds were moved from parent trees. Distance and density differences in chimpanzee and redtail seed dispersal resulted from distinct fruit-processing and seed-handling methods. It was observed, in general, that redtail monkeys engaged in fine oral processing and were seed spitters: most seeds were dispersed in close proximity to parent trees (84% of spat seeds < 10 m of parent tree), and deposited singly (100% seeds spat singly). In contrast, chimpanzees were coarse fruit processors and seed swallowers: seeds were defecated in denser clumps (e.g., a mean of 149 large seeds/dung sample and hundreds of small seeds/dung sample), far from parent trees. I evaluate the factors that shape patterns of fruit processing in hominoids and cercopithecines, and argue that the observed seed handling differences can be attributed to differences in digestive retention times, oral anatomy, and alternative mechanisms by which to avoid the cost of seed ballast.

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Seed dispersal by woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha) at Tinigua National Park, Colombia: Dispersal distance, germination rates, and dispersal quantity

Stevenson

2000

Am. J. Primatol.

180

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The purpose of this study was to describe seed dispersal patterns of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha) in terms of dispersal quantity and two factors related to dispersal quality: germination rates of dispersed seeds and the distance of dispersal to parental trees. The possible influence of retention time, travel distance, seed size, activity patterns, and fruit abundance on dispersal distance was also analyzed. Observations on activity, diet, daily movements, and seed dispersal were made on focal individuals of a group of woolly monkeys at a tropical rain forest in Tinigua National Park (Colombia). Sixty hours of focal samples per month were completed during 1 year. A total of 753 depositions were collected during the study. Each dropping contained seeds from an average of 2.68 different species (range 0 to 9). Collected depositions contained an underestimated total of 50,168 seeds (>1 mm). Given a population density of 30 individuals/km2, the woolly monkeys in the study area disperse more than 25,000 seeds/km2/day. These seeds belong to 112 different plant species. Germination rates of dispersed seeds are usually similar or higher than those of non‐swallowed seeds. It was possible to determine dispersal distance in 264 cases when the focal animal was continuously followed from ingestion at the parental tree to deposition. Only 1% of these depositions landed in close proximity (<15 m) of the parental tree. It was very common that the droppings were deposited between 100 and 500 m from the parent tree, and up to 1.5 km. Higher retention times and longer travel distances were not correlated with increased dispersal distance. Two main reasons for this result were the prolonged and variable passage rates (avg=11.2 hr ± 6.5 SD.) and the circuitous routes of monkeys in this forest. Am. J. Primatol. 50:275–289, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Variation in seed handling by two species of forest monkeys in Rwanda

Cited by 66 publications

References 49 publications

The value of disturbance-tolerant cercopithecine monkeys as seed dispersers in degraded habitats

The value of disturbance-tolerant cercopithecine monkeys as seed dispersers in degraded habitats

Seed handling in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and redtail monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius): Implications for understanding hominoid and cercopithecine fruit-processing strategies and seed dispersal

Seed dispersal by woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha) at Tinigua National Park, Colombia: Dispersal distance, germination rates, and dispersal quantity

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