Variation in hatching success and egg production of Eurytemora affinis (Calanoida, Copepoda) from the Gulf of Bothnia, Baltic Sea, in relation to abundance and clonal differences of diatoms

Ask, Jenny; Reinikainen, Marko; Båmstedt, Ulf

doi:10.1093/plankt/fbl005

Cited by 31 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…These studies showed that the ''diatom effect'' operates well when all the prerequisites-(1) high concentrations of PUAs, (2) few prey alternatives, and (3) feeding of copepods on these algae-occurred at sea . In another field study by Ask et al (2006), hatching frequencies of Eurytemora affinis in the Baltic Sea between May and October 2003 were lowest during the spring diatom bloom. The reverse was true for clutch size, with the highest average egg number during the diatom bloom.…”

Section: Laboratory Studies On Diatom-copepod Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Toxigenic effects of diatoms on grazers, phytoplankton and other microbes: a review

2009

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Traditionally, diatoms have been regarded as providing the bulk of the food that sustains the marine food chain and important fisheries. However, this view was challenged almost two decades ago on the basis of laboratory and field studies showing that when copepods, the principal predators of diatoms, feed on certain diatom diets, they produce abnormal eggs that either fail to develop to hatching or hatch into malformed (i.e. teratogenic) nauplii that die soon afterwards. Over the years, many explanations have been advanced to explain the causes for reproductive failure in copepods and other marine and freshwater invertebrates including diatom toxicity, or nutritional deficiency and poor assimilation of essential compounds in the animal gut. Here we review the literature concerning the first possibility, that diatoms produce cytotoxic compounds responsible for growth inhibition and teratogenic activity, potentially sabotaging future generations of grazers by inducing poor recruitment. The cytotoxic compounds responsible for these effects are short chain polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) and other oxygenated fatty acid degradation products such as hydroxides, oxo-acids, and epoxyalcohols (collectively termed oxylipins) that are cleaved from fatty acid precursors by enzymes activated within seconds after crushing of cells. Such toxins are suggested to have multiple simultaneous functions in that they not only deter herbivore feeding but some also act as allelopathic agents against other phytoplankton cells, thereby affecting the growth of competitors, and also signalling population-level cell death and termination of blooms, with possible consequences for food web structure and community composition. Some oxylipins also play a role in driving marine bacterial community diversity, with neutral, positive or negative interactions depending on the species, thereby shaping the structure of bacterial communities during diatom blooms. Several reviews have already been published on diatom-grazer interactions so this paper does not attempt to provide a comprehensive overview, but rather to consider some of the more recent findings in this field. We also consider the role of diatom oxylipins in mediating physiological and ecological processes in the plankton and the multiple simultaneous functions of these secondary metabolites.

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Section: Laboratory Studies On Diatom-copepod Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Toxigenic effects of diatoms on grazers, phytoplankton and other microbes: a review

2009

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“…For example, in the southern Benguela upwelling system, egg production by adult female copepods was higher in waters dominated by diatoms than by microflagellates (Walker and Peterson, 1991). Recently, low food quality of diatoms (Ask et al, 2006;Dutz et al, 2008;Koski et al, 2008) and the inhibitory effects of this group of organisms (Turner et al, 2001;Ianora et al, 2003;Barreiro et al, 2011) have also been described, leading Uusitalo et al (2013) to conclude that diatoms can generally be considered as poor-quality food. According to Vehmaa et al (2012), however, a food-quality approach based on class level is too simplistic; rather, phytoplankton taxa must be considered at the species level.…”

Section: Indicator Of Food Web Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Diatom/Dinoflagellate Index as an Indicator of Ecosystem Changes in the Baltic Sea 1. Principle and Handling Instruction

et al. 2017

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Assessments of the environmental status of the Baltic Sea as called for by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) must be based on a set of indicators. A pre-core indicator is the diatom/dinoflagellate index (Dia/Dino index), which reflects the dominance of diatoms or dinoflagellates during the phytoplankton spring bloom. Here we explain the principles of the Dia/Dino index and the conditions for its calculation using examples from two very different water bodies, the Eastern Gotland Basin and Kiel Bay. The index is based on seasonal mean diatom and dinoflagellate biomass values. A precondition for its applicability is the coverage of the bloom. As a criterion, the maximum value of diatom or dinoflagellate biomass has to exceed a predefined threshold, e.g., 1000 µg/L in the investigated areas. If this condition is not fulfilled, an alternative Dia/Dino index can be calculated based on silicate consumption data. Changes in the dominance of these two phytoplankton classes impact the food web because both their quality as a food source for grazers and their periods of occurrence differ. If diatoms are dominant, their rapid sinking reduces the food stock for zooplankton but delivers plenty of food to the zoobenthos. Consequently, the Dia/Dino index can be used to follow the food pathway (Descriptor 4 of MSFD: "food web"). Moreover, a low Dia/Dino index may indicate silicate limitation caused by eutrophication (Descriptor 5 of MSFD: "eutrophication"). The Dia/Dino index was able to identify the regime shift that occurred at the end of the 1980s in the Baltic Proper. Diatom dominance, and thus a high Dia/Dino index, are typical in historical data and are therefore assumed to reflect good environmental status (GES). In assessments of the environmental status of the Eastern Gotland Basin and Kiel Bay, Dia/Dino index GES thresholds of 0.5 and 0.75, respectively, are suggested. The GES thresholds as calculated by the alternative Dia/Dino index are 0.84 and 0.94, respectively.

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“…Blooms of Skeletonema costatum induce low hatching success (Miralto et al 1999) and low naupliar survival (Ianora et al 2004, Nielsen et al 2006 in several calanoid copepod species, but never in Acartia tonsa. There may be large variations in the toxicity of different clones of S. costatum on copepod egg-hatching success (Ask et al 2006), and the toxic effects may show up at older naupliar stages (Carotenuto et al 2006). Therefore, we cannot rule out toxic effects from S. costatum on egg hatching, but we consider it of minor importance compared to other sources of mortality.…”

Section: Egg Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

High reproduction, but low biomass: mortality estimates of the copepod Acartia tonsa in a hyper-eutrophic estuary

Tiselius¹,

Borg²,

Hansen³

et al. 2008

Aquat. Biol.

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Production, abundance and mortality of the copepod Acartia tonsa were studied for a period of 9 d in a hyper-eutrophic estuary, Mariager Fjord, Denmark. The estuary is characterised by oxygen-depleted and often sulphidic bottom water, and a relatively sparse mesozooplankton community with low species diversity. During the study, an intense phytoplankton bloom consisting mainly of the diatom Skeletonema costatum developed with chlorophyll a concentrations reaching 46 μg l , and egg hatching success was > 90%, yet the abundance of copepods remained low (1 to 3 nauplii l ). Calculated daily copepod mortality ranged from 18% for nauplii, 16% for Copepodite Stage C1, up to 70% for C2 and C3, then declining for older stages. The vertical distribution of copepodites in relation to the depth range of mussel beds suggests strong predation by suspension-feeding Mytilus edulis at depths of 5 to 10 m. Moreover, anoxia and the presence of sulphide in deep water, which prevented hatching of A. tonsa eggs and decreased the survivorship of older life stages sinking below 20 m depth, further contributed to the low copepod abundance.

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Variation in hatching success and egg production of Eurytemora affinis (Calanoida, Copepoda) from the Gulf of Bothnia, Baltic Sea, in relation to abundance and clonal differences of diatoms

Cited by 31 publications

References 45 publications

Toxigenic effects of diatoms on grazers, phytoplankton and other microbes: a review

Toxigenic effects of diatoms on grazers, phytoplankton and other microbes: a review

The Diatom/Dinoflagellate Index as an Indicator of Ecosystem Changes in the Baltic Sea 1. Principle and Handling Instruction

High reproduction, but low biomass: mortality estimates of the copepod Acartia tonsa in a hyper-eutrophic estuary

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