Variation in Biofuel Potential of Twelve Calopyllum Inophyllum Populations in Indonesia

Abstract

The global energy crisis has raises demand for biofuel prices. It has driven the world to enhance environmentally-friendly renewable-energy (biofuel) production. Oil from the seeds of Calophyllum inophyllum (nyamplung) which can be harvested up to 50 years, is one of such potential biofuel source. Methods for biofuel production from nyamplung seeds have been developed at an industrial scale by cooperative in Cilacap (Java) and Energy Self-Sufficient Villages (Desa Mandiri Energi) in Banyuwangi, Purworejo, Kebumen, Ujung Kulon (Java) and Selayar (South Sulawesi). However, there is only a limited-information available on biofuel potential, in term of productivity and quality, from nyamplung populations. This paper reports the variations in biofuel potential among 12 populations in Indonesia (6 from Java, 6 outside Java). The oil was extracted using a combination of vertical hot press (VHP) and screw press expeller (SPE) methods, followed by degumming to make refined oil, and esterification-transesterification to turn it into biodiesel. The result show great variation of biofuel content among the population. Oil production percentage varies from 37-48.5% (VHP) and 50-58% (SPE) crude oil, 36-48% (VHP) and 40-53% (SPE) refined oil, and 17-33% (SPE) for biodiesel. Seed resin content is responsible for most of the variation after degumming. DNA analysis shows genetic variation among populations ranges from intermediate within Java to high ouside Java and is intermediate within populations. Information about biofuel content and potential of populations and genetic variation between and within population are important factors for establishment of geneticallyimproved seed-sources for biofuel production from nyamplung.Keywords: Biofuel, crude oil, genetic-variation, nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) ABSTRAKKrisis energi mendorong penduduk dunia untuk mengalihkan sumber energinya ke energi terbarukan (biofuel) yang lebih ramah lingkungan. Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) sebagai salah satu jenis tanaman hutan mempunyai potensi sebagai bahan baku biofuel dari bijinya dan dapat berproduksi sampai dengan umur 50 tahun. Secara teknis pemanfaatan biji nyamplung sebagai biofuel tidak menjadi masalah dan sudah mulai dikembangkan dalam skala industri oleh Koperasi Jarak Lestari di Cilacap (Jawa Tengah) dan melalui program Desa Mandiri Energi (DME) berbasis nyamplung di Banyuwangi (Jawa Timur), Purworejo dan Kebumen (Jawa Tengah), Ujung Kulon (Banten), dan Selayar (Sulawesi Selatan). Namun demikian, ketersediaan dan kualitas bahan baku dari biji nyamplung menjadi kendala utama karena belum tersedia informasi produktivitas minyak yang optimal. Tulisan ini menyajikan variasi potensi biofuel nyamplung dari 12 (dua belas) populasi nyamplung di Indonesia (6 populasi di Jawa dan 6 populasi di luar Jawa) untuk membangun sumber benih unggul nyamplung. Rendemen minyak dihasilkan dengan menggunakan kombinasi alat Vertical Hot Press (VHP) dan Screw Press Expeller (SPE) dilanjutkan dengan proses degumming untuk menghasilkan refined o...

Compost Quality of Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) Solid Waste Oil Industri with Five Starters

“…Tanaman nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) berbuah sepanjang tahun dan mempunyai potensi produksi buah 20 ton/ha/tahun. Dari 2 -2,5 kg biji yang berasal dari 12 tegakan nyamplung di Indonesia dapat menghasilkan satu liter minyak nyamplung (crude calophyllum oil/CCO) dengan rendemen antara 37 -58 % dengan screw press expeller/SPE (Leksono et al, 2014a), sementara potensi minyak dalam biji nyamplung di India mencapai 52 % dengan metode yang sama (Chavan et al, 2013). Hasil analisis sifat fisiko-kimia biodisel nyamplung yang dihasilkan telah memenuhi 18 karakteristik biodisel sebagai syarat kualitas biodisel sesuai SNI 04-7182-2006 (Leksono et al, 2014a;Leksono, 2016).…”

“…Dari 2 -2,5 kg biji yang berasal dari 12 tegakan nyamplung di Indonesia dapat menghasilkan satu liter minyak nyamplung (crude calophyllum oil/CCO) dengan rendemen antara 37 -58 % dengan screw press expeller/SPE (Leksono et al, 2014a), sementara potensi minyak dalam biji nyamplung di India mencapai 52 % dengan metode yang sama (Chavan et al, 2013). Hasil analisis sifat fisiko-kimia biodisel nyamplung yang dihasilkan telah memenuhi 18 karakteristik biodisel sebagai syarat kualitas biodisel sesuai SNI 04-7182-2006 (Leksono et al, 2014a;Leksono, 2016). Pemanfaatan biji nyamplung sebagai bahan baku biofuel telah dikembangkan dalam skala industri oleh Koperasi Jarak Lestari di Kroya, Cilacap (Jawa Tengah) maupun industri minyak nyamplung melalui program Desa Mandiri Energi (DME) berbasis nyamplung.…”

Integrating bioenergy and food production on degraded landscapes in Indonesia for improved socioeconomic and environmental outcomes

“…Its seeds have high potential as a biofuel source (Atabani & Cesar, ; Azad et al., ). Seeds have a higher oil content than other biofuel species like jatropha and Circassian bean (Leksono, Hendrati, Windyarini, & Hasnah, ). The species also has other economic uses, which includes using the pressed seeds (oil cake) for manure and other products (e.g., briquettes, wood reservation, medicine, soap, oil for skin care and textile coloring) (Leksono et al., ; Orwa, Mutua, Kindt, Jamnadass, & Simons, ).…”

“…Seeds have a higher oil content than other biofuel species like jatropha and Circassian bean (Leksono, Hendrati, Windyarini, & Hasnah, ). The species also has other economic uses, which includes using the pressed seeds (oil cake) for manure and other products (e.g., briquettes, wood reservation, medicine, soap, oil for skin care and textile coloring) (Leksono et al., ; Orwa, Mutua, Kindt, Jamnadass, & Simons, ). It has also been highly valued for its timber, and more recently, its anticancer and anti‐HIV compounds it possesses (Hathurusingha, Ashwath, & Midmore, ; Itoigawa et al., ).…”

Assessment of Suitability of Tree Species for Bioenergy Production on Burned and Degraded Peatlands in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

“…Gamal and kaliandra are utilized to produce energy from its woody biomass [33,34]. Meanwhile, nyamplung and kemiri sunan are utilized for its seeds to be converted to biofuel [35,36]. Gamal wood Acidic soil (pH < 5.5) [27,28] Observed parameters in our study included plant height (in cm) and circular stem growth (in mm), measured from 10 cm above the ground.…”