Variants of the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Protocol: Survey, Issues and Challenges

Al-Shalabi, Mohammed; Anbar, Mohammed; Wan, Tat-Chee; Khasawneh, Ahmad M.

doi:10.3390/electronics7080136

Cited by 54 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Therefore, various improvements of LEACH, which can be found in the previous studies, 11,[19][20][21] have been proposed. These protocols follow either centralized or distributed approaches.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although LEACH protocol prolongs the network lifespan considerably, but still it has some drawbacks : (a) CHs are selected randomly, so the nodes having less residual energy can become CHs, and (b) the direct communication between CHs and the sink leads to a fast energy depletion of faraway CHs from the sink, and thus, the protocol cannot be implemented for large-scale networks. Therefore, various improvements of LEACH, which can be found in the previous studies, 11,[19][20][21] have been proposed. To maximize the network lifetime through energy balancing, Ok et al 22 have suggested a Distributed Energy Balanced Routing (DEBR) for wireless sensor networks.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A cluster‐based fault‐tolerant routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

Moussa

Alaoui

2019

Int J Communication

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Energy conservation and fault tolerance are two critical issues in the deployment of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Many cluster-based fault-tolerant routing protocols have been proposed for energy conservation and network lifetime maximization in WSNs. However, these protocols suffer from high frequency of re-clustering as well as extra energy consumption to tolerate failures and consider only some very normal parameters to form clusters without any verification of the energy sufficiency for data routing. Therefore, this paper proposes a cluster-based fault-tolerant routing protocol referred as CFTR. This protocol allows higher energy nodes to become Cluster Heads (CHs) and operate multiple rounds to diminish the frequency of re-clustering. Additionally, for the sake to get better energy efficiency and balancing, we introduce a cost function that considers during cluster formation energy cost from sensor node to CH, energy cost from CH to sink, and another significant parameter, namely, number of cluster members in previous round. Further, the proposed CFTR takes care of nodes, which have no CH in their communication range.Also, it introduces a routing algorithm in which the decision of next hop CH selection is based on a cost function conceived to select routes with sufficient energy for data transfer and distribute uniformly the overall data-relaying load among the CHs. As well, a low-overhead algorithm to tolerate the sudden failure of CHs is proposed. We perform extensive simulations on CFTR and compare their results with those of two recent existing protocols to demonstrate its superiority in terms of different metrics.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A cluster‐based fault‐tolerant routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

Moussa

Alaoui

2019

Int J Communication

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“…Every micro-sensor monitors physical or environmental conditions such as pressure, temperature, humidity, etc. [4] then dispatch the collected data back to the BS. In WSN, the positions of the nodes are not predetermined, which allows an autonomous organization of the network [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An enhanced energy-efﬁcient routing protocol for wireless sensor network

Daanoune¹,

Baghdad²,

Ballouk³

2020

IJECE

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Recent few years, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has been an increasingly important technology that has been applied in almost all domains, even in complex environments where human activity is impossible. In WSN, various factors are impacted energy consumption, such as communication protocols, packet data transmission, and limited battery. So, the lifespan of the WSNs is limited. In this context, energy efficiency is the factor most attracted by many researchers. In this paper, we proposed a new improved LEACH routing protocol. This proposed protocol based on the current energy to select cluster-heads, and it uses a root cluster-head with more current energy and low distance to the sink to gather all data, then sends it to the sink. The simulation results in MATLAB confirmed that the proposed algorithm performed better than the conventional LEACH protocol, and increased the network lifetime in WSN.

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“…Typical examples of planar routing include flooding protocol, sensor protocols for information via negotiation (SPIN) protocol, synthetized adaptive routing (SAR) protocol and directed diffusion mechanism [4]. The clustering routing protocols mainly include the classic low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), the threshold sensitive energy efficiency sensor network protocol (TEEN), and the power efficient gathering in sensor information systems (PEGASIS) [5,6]. Among them, the TEEN and PEGASIS are extensions of the LEACH.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Efficiency Management and Route Optimization for Wireless Sensor Network under the Ubiquitous Power Internet of Things

Zhang¹

2019

EJEE

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The traditional routing algorithms for data transmission in the wireless sensor network (WSN) under the ubiquitous power Internet of Things (UPIoT) are faced with two common defects, namely, the imbalance between the nodes in energy consumption and the premature death of many nodes. To solve the problems, this paper puts forward a method to manage the energy efficiency and optimize the route for the WSN under the UPIoT. Firstly, an energy consumption model of network nodes was established after analyzing the causes of node energy loss, which effectively reduces the energy consumed by each node during the clustering process. Next, the author designed a way to compute node quality, and selected cluster heads by node quality, such that the energy consumption is balanced across the WSN. On this basis, a node clustering routing algorithm was presented to dynamically adjust the communication radii of cluster heads and general nodes, thus extending the lifecycle of the WSN under the UPIoT. The simulation results show that our method outperformed the traditional clustering routing algorithm in controlling energy loss of nodes and enhancing network reliability and stability. The research findings provide a valuable reference for the efficient data transmission of the WSN under the UPIoT.

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Variants of the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Protocol: Survey, Issues and Challenges

Cited by 54 publications

References 75 publications

A cluster‐based fault‐tolerant routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

A cluster‐based fault‐tolerant routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

An enhanced energy-efﬁcient routing protocol for wireless sensor network

Energy Efficiency Management and Route Optimization for Wireless Sensor Network under the Ubiquitous Power Internet of Things

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