Variably Blurred Prompting: I. Methodology and Application to the Analysis of Paired-Associate Learning

Israël, Marc

doi:10.1080/00223980.1960.9916421

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Boe and Winokur (1978b) measured the frequency of echoics in response to target words used by interviewers. Israel (1960) presented textual stimuli and assessed the accuracy of subjects' textual responses. Matheny (1968) measured the frequency of an autistic child's dysfunctional echoics in response to teacher mands, and Neville (1968) examined textual responses following each of three pre-reading practice procedures.…”

Section: Content Analysis Ofreferencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Citation Analysis of the Influence on Research of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior

et al. 1984

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The influence of Skinner's Verbal Behavior on the generation of verbal behavior research was examined in a citation analysis that counted the citations of the book from January 1957 to August 1983 and described the fields in which the citations occurred. In a subsequent content analysis, citations were classified as directly influenced by the book if they selected at least one of Skinner's classes of verbal behavior for empirical examination. Directly influenced citations were sorted as descriptive, applied, or basic. The total number of citations of the book (836), the increasing annual number of citations, and the range of fields in which the book has been cited are evidence of its broad influence. However, empirical investigations employing at least one of Skinner's classes of verbal behavior are only a small proportion (31/836) of the citations. Of this small proportion an even smaller number constitutes experimental analyses (19/836). The small proportion of empirical studies suggests that Verbal Behavior is primarily cited for reasons other than as source material for research hypotheses in the study of verbal behavior. Some speculations are offered to account for the book's limited influence on research.

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Section: Content Analysis Ofreferencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Citation Analysis of the Influence on Research of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior

et al. 1984

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“…used brightness of a television screen as a reinforcer for humans, and Israel (1960) successfully used focusing of blurred words as a prompting technique. Butler (1961) demonstrated with the rhesus monkey that a motion picture can serve as a reinforcer in operant conditioning.…”

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confidence: 99%

Projector Slide Changing and Focusing as Operant Reinforcers

Benton

Mefferd

1967

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Uninstructed subjects choose to view, in sharp focus where possible, projected visual images in preference to various simpler auditory and visual stimuli (e.g., buzzers of flashing lights). The rate of responding on the lever rapidly increased above the operant level (projector inoperative) even though the stimuli were nonsense syllables. When focusing also was made contingent on responses, the subjects promptly started sharpening the focus of legible but blurred nonsense syllables. When the visual material was colored landscape scenes, the rates of slide-changing generally decreased, because of increased viewing time relative to the nonsense syllables, at the same time that the latencies of focusing decreased. Both the sharpness of focus and the total time spent with the image in sharp focus increased greatly with the colored slides, establishing that the subjects were under control of the stimulus events. Extinction of both responses occurred very rapidly when the controls became inoperative.

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“…The present system utilizes a focus difference between two stimuli (S+ and S-) to prompt a correct choice of S+ [Israel (1960) by altering projector focus. This obviates making more than one set of the original slides.…”

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confidence: 99%

FOCUS DIFFERENCE IN CUE FADING: A NEW TECHNIQUE¹

Acker

1969

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Variably Blurred Prompting: I. Methodology and Application to the Analysis of Paired-Associate Learning

Cited by 10 publications

References 4 publications

A Citation Analysis of the Influence on Research of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior

A Citation Analysis of the Influence on Research of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior

Projector Slide Changing and Focusing as Operant Reinforcers

FOCUS DIFFERENCE IN CUE FADING: A NEW TECHNIQUE¹

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Variably Blurred Prompting: I. Methodology and Application to the Analysis of Paired-Associate Learning

Cited by 10 publications

References 4 publications

A Citation Analysis of the Influence on Research of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior

A Citation Analysis of the Influence on Research of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior

Projector Slide Changing and Focusing as Operant Reinforcers

FOCUS DIFFERENCE IN CUE FADING: A NEW TECHNIQUE1

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FOCUS DIFFERENCE IN CUE FADING: A NEW TECHNIQUE¹