“…These L2 antecedents and outcomes included perceived L2 competence (Noels, 2005;Wu, 2003), autonomy (Comanaru & Noels, 2009;Noels, 2005;Wu, 2003), motivational intensity and effort (Comanaru & Noels, 2009;Csiezér & Dörnyei, 2005;Noels et al, 2001;Pae, 2008), active engagement (Noels, 2005), self-confidence (Pae, 2008;Schmidt & Watanabe, 2001), persistence (Comanaru & Noels, 2009;Csiezér & Dörnyei, 2005;Noels, 2005;Noels et al, 2001), patterns of cross-cultural communication such as frequency and quality of L2 contact, cultural identity, and positive L2 attitudes (Noels, 2001(Noels, , 2005Pae, 2008), cultural adaptation (Rubenfeld et al, 2007), and language learning strategies (MacIntyre & Noels, 1996;Nunan, 1997;Oxford & Nyikos, 1989;Peacock & Ho, 2003;Schmidt & Watanabe, 2001;Vandergrift, 2005).…”