Variability of ozone depleting substances as an indication of emissions in the Pearl River Delta, China

Chang, Chih Chung; Lai, Ching‐chong; Wang, Chieh Heng; Liu, Ying; Shao, Min; Zhang, Yuanhang; Wang, Jia Lin

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.04.051

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Therefore the CFC-11 and CFC-12 measurements from this study were enhanced by factors of 10%-11% and 8%-12%, respectively, over the background. The variability of CFC-11 (RSD = 14%) and CFC-12 (RSD = 8%) of the 100 samples at WQS was in line with the results observed in Guangzhou (RSD = 10% and 22%, respectively) and Xinken (RSD = 10% and 15%, respectively), but more variable than that in Taipei (RSD = 3% and 4%, respectively) [Chang et al, 2008]. This is likely due to the different phase-out schedules between developed and developing countries.…”

Section: Spatiotemporal Variations Of Halocarbons In the Greater Prd supporting

confidence: 88%

“…Though relatively small variability was found in this study, in 2000 large enhancements of CCl 4 (RSD = 35% and mean mixing ratio of 138 pptv, versus 115 pptv in this study) were found in industrial areas of inland PRD. Similarly, in 2001 and 2004 large CCl 4 variability was found in urban areas of Guangzhou (RSD = 45% and mean mixing ratio 156 pptv) [ Chan and Chu , 2007; Chang et al , 2008], implying that this halocarbon was still in use in inland PRD in recent years.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The site is 50 km southeast of the Guangzhou urban center, 40 km southwest of Dongguan, 50 km northwest of Shenzhen, and 25 km northeast of Zhongshan, making it a good location to characterize the air pollution in inland PRD. Large amounts of halocarbons are frequently used in these urban centers as cleaning solvents, refrigerants and industrial feedstock [e.g., Chan and Chu , 2007; Chang et al , 2008]. The measurements were carried out on the rooftop of a 15 m building.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emission patterns and spatiotemporal variations of halocarbons in the Pearl River Delta region, southern China

et al. 2010

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On 8 selected days between 25 October and 1 December 2007, 198 whole air samples were simultaneously collected at two sites in the greater Pearl River Delta (PRD), namely, Wan Qing Sha (WQS) in inland PRD and Tung Chung (TC) in Hong Kong, for the evaluation of halocarbons including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and other chlorinated compounds. The mean mixing ratios of CFC‐12, CH3CCl3, CH3Br, C2HCl3, and C2Cl4 at WQS were much higher than those at TC (p < 0.001), while HCFC‐22 was higher at TC (p < 0.01). Long‐lived species such as CFC‐11, CFC‐12, and CFC‐113 showed similar temporal patterns on most sampling days with small daily variation, whereas the main species used as solvents such as C2HCl3 and C2Cl4 presented large daily variations though with consistent temporal patterns. Source profile analysis revealed that although there was no remarkable change in emission sources between 2001–2002 and 2007, the emissions of CFCs and CCl4 from the production of refrigeration in 2007 were 1.4–2.0 times those in 2001–2002, and the use of HCFC‐22 has significantly increased in these years while the use of C2HCl3 and C2Cl4 in the electronics industry showed a remarkable reduction. By comparing the halocarbon data collected in this study with those observed by other research teams in recent years, we found that the levels of CFCs have declined since 2001, while their substitute HCFC‐22 has increased in emissions in recent years, especially in Hong Kong. The annual trends are consistent with the implementation of the Montreal Protocol. The results obtained in this study provide useful information to local government on effective control of halocarbon emissions in this region.

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Section: Spatiotemporal Variations Of Halocarbons In the Greater Prd supporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emission patterns and spatiotemporal variations of halocarbons in the Pearl River Delta region, southern China

et al. 2010

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“…However, a few studies of ambient halocarbon mixing ratios in China were available before 2000 [ Wang and Tang , ; Wang et al ., , ]. In the past decade, a number of studies of ambient halocarbon mixing ratios have been carried out in China, for example, Shandianzi and Beijing [ Wang and Tang , ; Xiu et al ., ; Qin , ; Vollmer et al ., ; F. Zhang et al ., ; Yao et al ., ], Shanghai [ Sun et al ., ], the Pearl River Delta region [ Guo et al ., , ; Chan et al ., ; Zhang et al ., , , ; Chan and Chu , ; Chang et al ., ; Y. L. Zhang et al ., ; Shao et al ., ], and Taiwan [ Chang et al ., ; Lee and Chiou , , ]. Barletta et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambient CFCs and HCFC-22 observed concurrently at 84 sites in the Pearl River Delta region during the 2008-2009 grid studies

Zhang

Wang

Simpson

et al. 2014

J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.

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Air samples were collected concurrently at 05:00 A.M. and 10:00 A.M. local Beijing time (geomagnetic time + 8) at 84 sites during two grid-study campaigns on 29 September 2008 and 1 March 2009 in the Pearl River Delta region, in order to offer snapshots of ambient CFCs and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) in different seasons and to indicate the presence of local emission sources. Compared to the subtropical northern hemisphere background levels, mean mixing ratios of CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, and HCFC-22 were enhanced by 7%-11%, 8%-11%, 5%-6%, 8%-9%, and 71%-135%, respectively. When data from this tudy were pooled together with previous observations in the region, ambient CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113 unambiguously showed declines in mixing ratios, while HCFC-22 showed an increase. Spatial variations revealed potential emission hot spots in the region, and levels of CFCs and HCFC-22 were higher in September than in March due to many more refrigeration and air-conditioning activities during summer. Source apportioning by positive matrix factorization revealed that new input of CFCs and HCFC-22 into the ambient air was largely attributed to emission from air-conditioning and refrigerating activities instead of industry activities. Average emissions in the region estimated by the CO-tracer method were 0.8 ± 0.2, 1.4 ± 0.6, 0.2 ± 0.1, 0.1 ± 0.02, and 4.4 ± 1.0 Gg/yr for CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, and HCFC-22, respectively, and they accounted for 5.5%-25.5% of the total estimated CFC and HCFC-22 emissions in China.

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“…Institutions and programs have included the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratory, Halocarbons and other Atmospheric Trace Species Group (NOAA/ESRL/ HATS), Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) and the System for Observation of halogenated Greenhouse Gases in Europe (SOGE). In China, most studies related to CFC-11 observation were conducted only during campaigns focused on industrial and heavily populated urban areas such as the Jing-Jin-Ji region, the North China Plain, the Yangze and Pearl river delta regions and the Taiwan region [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. However, in-situ CFC-11 observations in remote areas of China are few.…”

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confidence: 99%

In-situ measurement of atmospheric CFC-11 at the Shangdianzi Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Regional Station

Zhang

Li-hua

Yao

et al. 2010

Sci. China Earth Sci.

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An in-situ GC-ECD system was used to measure halocarbons at Shangdianzi (SDZ) GAW regional station. In this paper, we reported observational results of atmospheric CFC-11 (CCl 3 F) mixing ratios from April 2007 to March 2008. The CFC-11 time series showed large variability. Approximately 62% observed values were filtered as non-background data. The median, 10% and 90% percentiles of CFC-11 background mixing ratios were 245.4 ppt (10 −12 mol/mol), 244.6 ppt and 246.1 ppt, respectively; whereas those of non-background CFC-11 mixing ratios were 254.7, 246.6 and 272.1 ppt, respectively. Significant differences in background and non-background CFC-11 mixing ratios were observed between summer and autumn, mainly because of the CFC-11 stored in foam being prone to atmospheric release in hot seasons. Comparison of the SDZ data with the five AGAGE stations suggested agreement with mid-high latitude Northern Hemisphere stations MHD, THD and RPB. The SDZ data were higher than that of Southern Hemisphere stations CGO and SMO. Higher CFC-11 mixing ratios measured in different seasons were always associated with winds from the W-WSW-SW sector, indicating that the airflow coming from this wind sector has a positive contribution to CFC-11concentrations. The CFC-11 mixing ratios were higher in autumn and summer than in spring and winter, in which its mixing ratios were very close to the atmospheric background level. This was happened especially when airflow originated from the NNE-NE-ENE-E sector, indicating the air masses coming from these wind directions was relatively clean. SDZ, background, CFC-11, seasonal variation, winds Citation:Zhang F, Zhou L X, Yao B, et al. In-situ measurement of atmospheric CFC-11 at the Shangdianzi Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Regional Station.

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Variability of ozone depleting substances as an indication of emissions in the Pearl River Delta, China

Cited by 27 publications

References 29 publications

Emission patterns and spatiotemporal variations of halocarbons in the Pearl River Delta region, southern China

Emission patterns and spatiotemporal variations of halocarbons in the Pearl River Delta region, southern China

Ambient CFCs and HCFC-22 observed concurrently at 84 sites in the Pearl River Delta region during the 2008-2009 grid studies

In-situ measurement of atmospheric CFC-11 at the Shangdianzi Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Regional Station

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