Variability of gastrointestinal transit in healthy women and men.

Degen, Lukas; Phillips, Sidney F.

doi:10.1136/gut.39.2.299

Cited by 296 publications

(235 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Only women were recruited for the present study, because it has been suggested that bowel function differs between the sexes. In several studies, women have had harder stools than men (Degen and Phillips, 1996a), and colonic transit has been faster in men than in women (Hinds et al, 1989;Degen and Phillips, 1996b;Chan et al, 2004). The menstrual cycle was not taken into account, because several studies have confirmed that sex hormones do not have any major effect on bowel frequency, stool weight (Kamm et al, 1989) or transit time (Hinds et al, 1989;Turnbull et al, 1989;Degen and Phillips, 1996b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removing lactose from milk does not delay bowel function or harden stool consistency in lactose-tolerant women

Seppänen

Niittynen²,

Poussa

et al. 2007

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objectives: To investigate whether removing lactose from milk delays bowel function in lactose-tolerant women. We also examined how well the participants' subjective evaluation of the stool consistency according to the Bristol Stool Form Scale correlated with values obtained by dry matter analysis and penetrometry. Subjects and methods: A randomized double-blind cross-over trial. Thirty-three lactose-tolerant women consumed, in random order, 800 ml of lactose-free or ordinary milk per day for 2 weeks, with their main meal, but otherwise followed a lactose-free diet. The subjects estimated stool consistency according to the Bristol Stool Form Scale, registered stool frequency and gastrointestinal symptoms and collected stool samples. Results: The mean intake of lactose was 3.5 and 38.4 g/day during the lactose-free and the ordinary milk periods, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the lactose-free and the ordinary milk periods in stool frequency, gastrointestinal symptoms, stool hardness or faecal dry matter. Faecal pH was lower during the lactose-free milk period than in the ordinary milk period. The subjective estimation of stool hardness correlated well with the values obtained by dry matter analysis and penetrometry. Conclusions: Lactose-free milk does not delay bowel function in lactose-tolerant women. The Bristol Stool Form Scale is a useful method of evaluating stool hardness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removing lactose from milk does not delay bowel function or harden stool consistency in lactose-tolerant women

Seppänen

Niittynen²,

Poussa

et al. 2007

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…2). The intragastric pH in healthy individuals is in the pH 1.3-2.5 range and the 50 % emptying of stomach contents requires about 2.5-3 h (Degen & Phillips, 1996;Kong & Singh, 2008). Taken together, the infectivity of ReCVs and perhaps human NoVs would be significantly jeopardized in the stomach without some protective mechanism.…”

Section: Recv-hbga Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Rhesus enteric calicivirus surrogate model for human norovirus gastroenteritis

Farkas

2015

Journal of General Virology

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Human noroviruses are one of the major causes of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Due to the lack of an efficient human norovirus cell culture system coupled with an animal model, human norovirus research mainly relies on human volunteer studies and surrogate models. Current models either utilize human norovirus-infected animals including the gnotobiotic pig or calf and the chimpanzee models, or employ other members of the family Caliciviridae including cell culture propagable surrogate caliciviruses such as the feline calicivirus, murine norovirus and most recently the Tulane virus. One of the major features of human noroviruses is their extreme biological diversity, including genetic, antigenic and histo-blood group antigen binding diversity, and possible differences of virulence and environmental stability. This extreme biological diversity and its effect on intervention/prevention strategies cannot be modelled by uniform groups of surrogates, much less by single isolates. Tulane virus, the prototype recovirus strain, was discovered in 2008. Since then, several other novel recoviruses have been described and cell culture adapted. Recent studies indicate that the epidemiology, the biological features and diversity of recoviruses and the course of infection and clinical disease in recovirus-infected macaques more closely reflect those properties of human noroviruses than any of the current surrogates. This review aims to summarize what is currently known about recoviruses, highlight their biological similarities to human noroviruses and discuss applications of the model in addressing questions relevant for human norovirus research.

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“…There is significant intraindividual variation in gastric emptying rates of 12-15%, even in healthy individuals (25,34). The relationship of gastric emptying rates of the 200-kcal meal to symptoms remains controversial (122).…”

Section: Gastric Emptying Scintigraphymentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods for measurement of gastric motility

Szarka¹,

Camilleri²

2009

American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physi

103

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Szarka LA, Camilleri M. Methods for measurement of gastric motility. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 296: G461-G475, 2009. First published January 15, 2009 doi:10.1152/ajpgi.90467.2008There is an array of tests available to measure gastric motility. Some tests measure end points, such as gastric emptying, that result from several different functions, whereas other tests are more specific and test only a single parameter, such as contractility. This article reviews the tests most commonly available in practice and research to evaluate in vivo the gastric functions of emptying, accommodation, contractility, and myoelectrical activity. The rationale for testing, the relative strengths and weaknesses of each test, and technical details are summarized. We also briefly indicate the applications and validations of the tests for use in experimental animal studies. contractility; emptying; accommodation; gastroparesis; dyspepsia ASSESSMENT OF THE MOTOR FUNCTIONS (motility) of the stomach is important in studies of gastric physiology and pathophysiology. Although not generally applied in gastroenterological practice, there is increasing use of tests to evaluate gastric function, particularly less invasive tests in clinical settings.There is an array of tests available to measure gastric motility. Some tests measure end points, such as gastric emptying, that result from several different functions, whereas other tests are more specific and test only a single parameter, such as contractility. This article reviews the tests most commonly available in practice and research to evaluate in vivo the gastric functions of emptying, accommodation, contractility, and myoelectrical activity. The rationale for testing, the relative strengths and weaknesses of each test, and technical details are summarized. A brief discussion is also provided for methods that have been used in animals to study motor functions of the stomach in animals. Tests to Evaluate Gastric Emptying of SolidsGastric emptying is a composite end point reflecting a variety of functions including gastric accommodation, the pressure gradient between the proximal and distal stomach, and antropyloroduodenal contractility and coordination. The trituration of solids and emptying of solid and liquid food from the stomach are arguably the most important physiological functions of the stomach. Abnormal gastric emptying, either accelerated at 1 h or delayed at 4 h, is among the factors that contribute to reporting of dyspepsia or the development of postprandial symptoms after meal challenge (35). For all tests of gastric motility and emptying, there are standard precautions (1): 1) Drugs affecting gastric motility (e.g., anticholinergics, narcotics, and prokinetics) are stopped for 48 h prior to the test, and the study is performed in the morning after an overnight fast. 2) Diabetic subjects should have a glucose level Ͻ275 mg/dl. 3) At the time the meal is ingested, Type 1 diabetic patients should receive half of their normal insulin dose. Gastric Emptying Scintigrap...

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Variability of gastrointestinal transit in healthy women and men.

Cited by 296 publications

References 49 publications

Removing lactose from milk does not delay bowel function or harden stool consistency in lactose-tolerant women

Removing lactose from milk does not delay bowel function or harden stool consistency in lactose-tolerant women

Rhesus enteric calicivirus surrogate model for human norovirus gastroenteritis

Methods for measurement of gastric motility

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