Variability of EHF air refractivity with respect to temperature, pressure, and frequency

Liebe, Hans J.; Hopponen, J. D.

doi:10.1109/tap.1977.1141587

Cited by 8 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Closed-form approximations for the nondispersive N rad 0 (P, T ) have been derived for use at frequencies below 100 GHz by Brussaard & Watson (1995): (64) and Smith & Weintraub (1953) (see also Crane (1976) and Liebe & Hopponen (1977)):…”

Section: Use An Atmospheric Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Refractive Electromagnetic Wave Bending and Propagation Delay

Mangum

Wallace

2015

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

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In this tutorial we summarize the physics and mathematics behind refractive electromagnetic wave bending and delay. Refractive bending and delay through the Earth's atmosphere at both radio/millimetric and optical/IR wavelengths are discussed, but with most emphasis on the former, and with Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) applications in mind. As modern astronomical measurements often require sub-arcsecond position accuracy, care is required when selecting refractive bending and delay algorithms. For the spherically-uniform model atmospheres generally used for all refractive bending and delay algorithms, positional accuracies 1 ′′ are achievable when observing at zenith angles 75 • . A number of computationally economical approximate methods for atmospheric refractive bending and delay calculation are presented, appropriate for astronomical observations under these conditions. For observations under more realistic atmospheric conditions, for zenith angles 75 • , or when higher positional accuracy is required, more rigorous refractive bending and delay algorithms must be employed. For accurate calculation of the refractive bending, we recommend the Auer & Standish (2000) method, using numerical integration to ray-trace through a two-layer model atmosphere, with an atmospheric model determination of the atmospheric refractivity. For the delay calculation we recommend numerical integration through a model atmosphere. Subject headings: atmospheric effects, telescopes 1 Astronomers use altitude, elevation (E) and zenith angle/distance (z) interchangeably. With but one exception, we have standardized the analyses presented in this tutorial by using zenith angle.

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Section: Use An Atmospheric Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%