Variability in Marine Plankton Ecosystems Are Not Observed in Freshly Emitted Sea Spray Aerosol Over the North Atlantic Ocean

Bates, T. S.; Quinn, Patricia K.; Coffman, D. J.; Johnson, James E.; Upchurch, L.; Saliba, Georges; Lewis, Savannah L.; Graff, Jason R.; Russell, Lynn M.; Behrenfeld, Michael J.

doi:10.1029/2019gl085938

Cited by 37 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Shipboard measurements in open ocean conditions from multiple oceans do not support a hypothesized link between primary ocean production and organic enrichment of the aerosol (Beaupré et al, 2019;Kasparian et al, 2017;Keene et al, 2017;Kieber et al, 2016;Quinn et al, 2014Quinn et al, , 2019. For example, Quinn et al (2014) and Bates et al (2020) used sea sweep (a floating bubbler that generates and samples sea-spray particles) and reported no statistically significant differences in the organicto-sodium content of the generated submicron aerosol particles in oligotrophic and eutrophic waters in the Western Atlantic and Eastern Pacific oceans. Russell et al (2010) found that sea-spray organic mass (OM) correlated with local wind speed but not with chlorophyll concentrations for marine periods in the North Atlantic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Differences and Variability of Concentrations, Chemical Composition, and Cloud Condensation Nuclei of Marine Aerosol Over the North Atlantic

et al. 2020

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The majority of the aerosol particle number (condensation nuclei or CN) in the marine boundary layer (MBL) consists of sulfate and organic compounds that have been shown to provide a large fraction of the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Here we use submicron non-refractory Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) and filter measurements of organic and sulfate components of aerosol particles measured during four North Atlantic Aerosol and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES) research cruises to assess the sources and contributions of submicron organic and sulfate components for CCN concentrations in the MBL during four different seasons. Submicron hydroxyl group organic mass (OM) correlated strongly to sodium concentrations during clean marine periods (R ¼ 0.9), indicating that hydroxyl group OM can serve as a proxy for sea-spray OM in ambient measurements. Sea-spray OM contributed 45% of the sum of sea-spray OM and sea salt during late spring (biomass climax phase) compared to <20% for other seasons, but the seasonal difference was not statistically significant. The contribution of noncombustion sources during clean marine periods to submicron OM was 47 to 88% and to non-sea-salt sulfate 31 to 86%, with likely sources being marine and biogenic. The remaining submicron OM and sulfate were likely associated with ship or continental sources, including biomass burning, even during clean marine periods. The seasonal contribution from secondary sulfate and OM components to submicron aerosol mass was highest during late spring (60%), when biogenic emissions are expected to be highest, and lowest during winter (18%). Removing submicron sea-spray OM decreased CCN concentrations by <10% because of competing effects from increased hygroscopicity and decreased particle size. During all seasons, adding biogenic secondary sulfate increased hygroscopicity, particle size, and CCN concentrations at 0.1-0.3% supersaturations by 5-66%. The largest change was during early spring when the fraction of hygroscopic sulfate components in the 0.1-0.2 μm size range was highest (80%). During continental periods, the increased contribution from low-hygroscopicity organic components to 0.1-0.2 μm diameter particles reduces the CCN/CN by 20-100% for three seasons despite the increased CN and mass concentrations. These results illustrate the important role of the chemical composition of particles with diameters 0.1-0.2 μm for controlling CCN in the MBL.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Differences and Variability of Concentrations, Chemical Composition, and Cloud Condensation Nuclei of Marine Aerosol Over the North Atlantic

et al. 2020

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“…Recent results based on artificial bubbling of seawater in the open ocean indicate that biological productivity has a minor influence on sea spray organic carbon and its cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) properties, suggesting that the organics associated with sea spray are derived from long-lived, well-distributed marine DOM (Bates et al, 2020;Russell et al, 2010). Beaupré et al (2019) reported that highly aged DOM carbon could account for 19 %-40 % of the organic carbon in artificially generated sea spray. Ceburnis et al (2016) found that most organic enrichment in marine aerosol over the southern Indian Ocean was attributable to fresh POM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

North Atlantic marine organic aerosol characterized by novel offline thermal desorption mass spectrometry: polysaccharides, recalcitrant material, and secondary organics

et al. 2020

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Abstract. The composition of organic compounds in marine aerosols and the relative contributions of primary and secondary organic compounds remain uncertain. We report results from a novel approach to characterize and quantify organic components of the marine aerosol. Size-segregated discrete aerosol filter samples were collected at sea in the North Atlantic from both ambient aerosol and artificially generated primary sea spray over four cruises timed to capture the seasonal phytoplankton bloom dynamics. Samples were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), extracted into water, and analyzed by offline thermal desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry (TDCIMS) and ion chromatography (IC). A positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis identified several characteristic aerosol components in the TDCIMS mass spectra. Among these is a polysaccharide factor representing about 10 %–30 % of the submicron organic aerosol mass. Aerosol polysaccharide : sodium mass ratios were consistently higher in ambient air than in the artificially generated sea spray, and we hypothesize that this results from more rapid wet deposition of sodium-rich aerosol. An unquantified recalcitrant factor of highly thermally stable organics showed significant correlation with FTIR-measured alcohol groups, consistently the main organic functional group associated with sea spray aerosol. We hypothesize that this factor represents recalcitrant dissolved organic matter (DOM) in seawater and that by extension alcohol functional groups identified in marine aerosol may more typically represent recalcitrant DOM rather than biogenic saccharide-like material, contrary to inferences made in previous studies. The recalcitrant factor showed little seasonal variability in its contribution to primary marine aerosol. The relative contribution of polysaccharides was highest in late spring and summer in the smallest particle size fraction characterized (<180 nm).

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“…Other studies have indicated that aged organic matter, such as that metabolized by heterotrophic bacteria, is effectively transferred to the aerosol phase (Cochran et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2015). However, Beaupré et al (2019) determined that up to 40 % of the organic carbon in sea spray could be highly aged and that the composition of SSA could be less strongly influenced by rates of primary biological productivity in the underlying seawater. Other studies have found that the organic enrichment of SSA is attributable to freshly produced fixed carbon and that SSA carbon content is correlated with chlorophyll concentration (Ceburnis et al, 2016;O'Dowd et al, 2015).…”

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confidence: 99%

A link between the ice nucleation activity and the biogeochemistry of seawater

et al. 2020

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Abstract. Emissions of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) from sea spray can impact climate and precipitation by changing cloud formation, precipitation, and albedo. However, the relationship between seawater biogeochemistry and the ice nucleation activity of sea spray aerosols remains unclarified. Here, we demonstrate a link between the biological productivity in seawater and the ice nucleation activity of sea spray aerosol under conditions relevant to cirrus and mixed-phase cloud formation. We show for the first time that aerosol particles generated from both subsurface and microlayer seawater from the highly productive eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean are effective INPs in the deposition and immersion freezing modes. Seawater particles of composition similar to subsurface waters of highly productive regions may therefore be an unrealized source of effective INPs. In contrast, the subsurface water from the less productive Florida Straits produced less effective immersion mode INPs and ineffective depositional mode INPs. These results indicate that the regional biogeochemistry of seawater can strongly affect the ice nucleation activity of sea spray aerosol.

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Variability in Marine Plankton Ecosystems Are Not Observed in Freshly Emitted Sea Spray Aerosol Over the North Atlantic Ocean

Cited by 37 publications

References 79 publications

Seasonal Differences and Variability of Concentrations, Chemical Composition, and Cloud Condensation Nuclei of Marine Aerosol Over the North Atlantic

Seasonal Differences and Variability of Concentrations, Chemical Composition, and Cloud Condensation Nuclei of Marine Aerosol Over the North Atlantic

North Atlantic marine organic aerosol characterized by novel offline thermal desorption mass spectrometry: polysaccharides, recalcitrant material, and secondary organics

A link between the ice nucleation activity and the biogeochemistry of seawater

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