Variability associated with interpreting drugs within forensic hair analysis: A three‐stage interpretation

Davies, Christopher; Gautam, Lata; Grela, Agatha; Morrissey, Joanne

doi:10.1002/jat.3959

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…The dark blond hair without cosmetic treatment for 2 years was washed, ground, incubated at 37°C, and analyzed using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. 3 No amphetamine, cocaine, opiates, new psychoactive substances (cathinones, synthetic cannabinoids, or opiates), LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), or psychoactive drugs were found. γ-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) testing was carried out in the second strand using gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.…”

Section: Report Of Casementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The putative intoxication on 1 January 2018 was predicted to be located in segment L. However, hair growth rate is variable (3 different phases exist for hair, including the anagen with growth and integration of molecules, and catagen and telogen without growth and integration) and there had been a long delay between intoxication and sampling (which could induce axial migration): consequently, it is usual to observe increases in some surrounding segments. 3 The hair contained GHB (Figure 2). GHB is an endogenous molecule derived from γ-aminobutyrate acid metabolism (a neurotransmitter), and hair from all individuals contains GHB at an endogenous concentration averaging 1000 pg/mg.…”

Section: Report Of Casementioning

confidence: 99%

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A strange New Year’s Eve: triggers in Kleine-Levin syndrome

Vaillant

Martin

Groos

et al. 2021

Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine

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Kleine-Levin syndrome is a rare neurological disease of unknown cause beginning typically during adolescence, characterized by remittent-relapsing episodes of severe hypersomnia associated with cognitive and behavioral disturbances. Triggering factors at Kleine-Levin syndrome onset include infection, sleep deprivation, as well as alcohol, drug, and substance intake. A young woman had 6 episodes over 2 years, including hypersomnia, confusion, derealization, cognitive impairment, anxiety, feeling of being scrutinized, anorexia (and sweet craving once) but no hypersexuality. The first episode started after a party where she experienced a complete, 4-hour-long blackout despite moderate alcohol intake. The patient suspected having been poisoned. Twenty-five months after the party, when Kleine-Levin syndrome was eventually diagnosed, her long hair was analyzed and exogenous γ-hydroxybutyrate was found in the tips (corresponding to the party time). This case illustrates the interest of looking for γ-hydroxybutyrate in the hair when Kleine-Levin syndrome starts after a party.

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Section: Report Of Casementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Report Of Casementioning

confidence: 99%

A strange New Year’s Eve: triggers in Kleine-Levin syndrome

Vaillant

Martin

Groos

et al. 2021

Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine

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“…One study assessed concentrations of drugs and metabolites in hair as a non‐invasive method to estimate PK changes across gestation 95 . However, it is unclear how variation in rate of hair growth, hair type, and other factors may impact drug uptake into hair follicles 96,97 . Inclusion of inappropriately designed studies into PBPK‐PD models may lead to inaccurate conclusions.…”

Section: The Pharmacometrics and Clinical Trial Design Corementioning

confidence: 99%

“…95 However, it is unclear how variation in rate of hair growth, hair type, and other factors may impact drug uptake into hair follicles. 96,97 Inclusion of inappropriately designed studies into PBPK-PD models may lead to inaccurate conclusions. Therefore, the Pharmacometrics Core will support development of guidelines for assessment of clinical studies, including assessment of drug dosing, timing of sample collection, description of study population, sensitivity and specificity of drug assays, and appropriateness of PK-PD analyses.…”

Section: The Pharmacome Tri C S and Clinic Al Trial De S Ig N Corementioning

confidence: 99%

TheMPRINTHub Data, Model, Knowledge and Research Coordination Center: Bridging the gap in maternal–pediatric therapeutics research through data integration and pharmacometrics

et al. 2023

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Maternal and pediatric populations have historically been considered “therapeutic orphans” due to their limited inclusion in clinical trials. Physiologic changes during pregnancy and lactation and growth and maturation of children alter pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of drugs. Precision therapy in these populations requires knowledge of these effects. Efforts to enhance maternal and pediatric participation in clinical studies have increased over the past few decades. However, studies supporting precision therapeutics in these populations are often small and, in isolation, may have limited impact. Integration of data from various studies, for example through physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) modeling or bioinformatics approaches, can augment the value of data from these studies, and help identify gaps in understanding. To catalyze research in maternal and pediatric precision therapeutics, the Obstetric and Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) established the Maternal and Pediatric Precision in Therapeutics (MPRINT) Hub. Herein, we provide an overview of the status of maternal–pediatric therapeutics research and introduce the Indiana University‐Ohio State University MPRINT Hub Data, Model, Knowledge and Research Coordination Center (DMKRCC), which aims to facilitate research in maternal and pediatric precision therapeutics through the integration and assessment of existing knowledge, supporting pharmacometrics and clinical trials design, development of new real‐world evidence resources, educational initiatives, and building collaborations among public and private partners, including other NICHD‐funded networks. By fostering use of existing data and resources, the DMKRCC will identify critical gaps in knowledge and support efforts to overcome these gaps to enhance maternal–pediatric precision therapeutics.

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“…Additionally, hair is less likely to be adulterated than body fluids. However, like any biological matrix, hair has limitations, including difficulty in differentiating between drug ingestion and external contamination, lack of correlation between administered dose and concentration of drug found in hair, and bias involving hair color [1,4,5]. In addition, hair cannot be used to prove that a person was under the influence or impaired at a specific moment in time [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of extraction parameters in authentic hair reference material using statistical design of experiments

Spear

DeCaprio

2022

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Optimal methods for forensic hair analysis are often debated, especially regarding extraction parameters that include incubation time, temperature, and size of extracted hair particles. To assess hair pretreatment parameters for analysis of drugs of abuse, the statistical technique known as Design of Experiments (DoE) is useful. DoE evaluates both the individual roles and the combinatorial associations between multiple variables and overall drug extraction efficiency. Previous reports have focused on incorporated hair reference material (HRM), which is prepared in the lab at a specified drug concentration. In contrast, authentic HRM, which is prepared by diluting hair from drug users with blank hair to achieve specific drug concentrations, is an effective matrix for standardization of forensic hair testing, since the drug is incorporated into the hair matrix via uptake from systemic distribution. In the present study, extraction parameters for authentic HRM samples containing multiple drugs (diazepam, alprazolam, cocaine, methamphetamine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, and morphine) and metabolites (nordiazepam, cocaethylene, norcocaine, hydroxycocaine, and 6-monoacetylmorphine) were optimized based on recovery using a 2 3 full factorial DoE matrix. The factors evaluated included extraction solvent volume/sample weight ratio (12.5 or 25 μL/mg), particle size (pulverized or cut into 1 mm snippets), and extraction time (2 or 24 h) using solvent swelling. DoE analysis revealed significant differences in the optimal combinations of extraction parameters for maximum recovery. However, for the majority of drugs and metabolites, the most effective extraction method consisted of pulverizing hair prior to a 2-h extraction with a 12.5 μL/mg extraction solvent volume/sample weight ratio. K E Y W O R D Sauthentic hair reference material, forensic hair analysis, hair extraction method, statistical design of experiments Highlights• DoE showed that interactions among 2-3 factors were significant in extraction of drugs from hair.• Optimal extraction was obtained with pulverization and 2-h treatment with 12.5 μL solvent/ mg hair.• DoE is a valuable tool for optimizing multiple pre-treatment parameters in hair analysis for drugs.How to cite this article: Spear B, DeCaprio AP. Evaluation of extraction parameters in authentic hair reference material using statistical design of experiments.

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Variability associated with interpreting drugs within forensic hair analysis: A three‐stage interpretation

Cited by 12 publications

References 124 publications

A strange New Year’s Eve: triggers in Kleine-Levin syndrome

A strange New Year’s Eve: triggers in Kleine-Levin syndrome

TheMPRINTHub Data, Model, Knowledge and Research Coordination Center: Bridging the gap in maternal–pediatric therapeutics research through data integration and pharmacometrics

Evaluation of extraction parameters in authentic hair reference material using statistical design of experiments

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