Variability and Global Distribution of Subgenotypes of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

Abstract

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a globally-distributed agent responsible for numerous clinical syndromes that lead to major economic losses. Two species, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, discriminated on the basis of genetic and antigenic differences, are classified in the genus Pestivirus within the Flaviviridae family and distributed on all of the continents. BVDV-1 can be segregated into at least twenty-one subgenotypes (1a–1u), while four subgenotypes have been described for BVDV-2 (2a–2d). With respect to published sequences, the number of virus isolates described for BVDV-1 (88.2%) is considerably higher than for BVDV-2 (11.8%). The most frequently-reported BVDV-1 subgenotype are 1b, followed by 1a and 1c. The highest number of various BVDV subgenotypes has been documented in European countries, indicating greater genetic diversity of the virus on this continent. Current segregation of BVDV field isolates and the designation of subgenotypes are not harmonized. While the species BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 can be clearly differentiated independently from the portion of the genome being compared, analysis of different genomic regions can result in inconsistent assignment of some BVDV isolates to defined subgenotypes. To avoid non-conformities the authors recommend the development of a harmonized system for subdivision of BVDV isolates into defined subgenotypes.

Diseases associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus subtypes 1a and 2b in beef and dairy cattle in Uruguay

“…The two currently recognized BVDV species are BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, and they were recently renamed Pestivirus A and B, respectively [4,5]. BVDV-1 is the most genetically diverse, with 21 subtypes (BVDV-1a through u) currently recognized, while 4 subtypes (a-d) have been described for BVDV-2 [6][7][8][9]. More recently, the Pestivirus HoBi-like virus has been proposed as a new BVDV species (BVDV-3 or Pestivirus H) based on antigenic and genetic similarities [4,5,10,11].…”

“…As viruses with worldwide distribution [9], BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 have been recognized for many years in South American countries, including Brazil [14], Argentina [15], Colombia [16], Peru, Chile [17], and Uruguay [18], while the Pestivirus HoBi-like virus has currently only been identified in Argentina [19] and Brazil [20] on this subcontinent. In Uruguay, the first evidence of BVDV circulation dates from 1996 [21].…”

Emerging Infectious Diseases in Water Buffalo: An Economic and Public Health Concern

“…On the other hand, it can also be transmitted horizontally through direct contact among infected animals [163,164]. There is no known treatment for this disease and only supportive therapy is being applied.…”

Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus in dairy cattle herds in eastern China

“…In addition, BVDV is genetically divided into three types: type 1 (BVDV-1), type 2 (BVDV-2), HoBilike viruses (BVDV-3), or Batypical pestiviruses^, and it is noted that only BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 are recognized species, and Hobi-like is a tentative species (Bauermann et al 2013;Giammarioli et al 2015b;Stahl et al 2010). Recently, the virus isolates have been further grouped into different subgenotypes by phylogenetic analysis (Abe et al 2016;Gomez-Romero et al 2017;Otonel et al 2014;Yesilbag et al 2017;Yilmaz et al 2012). So far, 21 subgenotypes (BVDV-1a to BVDV-1u) and BVDV-2 subtypes (2a-2d) have been reported worldwide (Deng et al 2015;Giammarioli et al 2015a;Xue et al 2010;Yesilbag et al 2014).…”