Vapor pressures and isopiestic molalities of concentrated CaCl2(aq), CaBr2(aq), and NaCl(aq) to T=523 K

Gruszkiewicz, Miroslaw {Mirek} S; Simonson, J.M.

doi:10.1016/j.jct.2004.12.009

Cited by 49 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 66 publications

(170 reference statements)

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“…First, CaCl 2 is readily available in large quantities because it is produced as a by-product of industrial processes [29,30]. Second, it is relatively cheap (300-400 USD/ton) [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Production of Ferrochrome by Segregation Reduction of Chromite in the Presence of Calcium Chloride

Paktunç

2018

Metals

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Abstract:A solid reduction process is described whereby chromite is reduced with the help of calcium chloride to produce ferrochrome alloy powders with high metal recovery. The process involves segregation reduction of chromite using graphite as the reductant and calcium chloride as the segregation catalyst. Experiments were performed in the temperature range of 1200-1400 • C to evaluate the influences of various design parameters using both a thermogravimetric analyzer and an electric tube furnace with continuous off-gas analysis. The reduced products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and were subjected to wet chemical analysis. It was concluded that the addition of calcium chloride not only accelerated the carbothermic reduction of chromite but also promoted the formation and growth of individual ferrochrome alloy particles. The alloy formation within chromite particles was minimized, enabling the effective separation of ferrochrome alloy particles from the unwanted gangue without the need for fine grinding. Majority of the calcium chloride remained in a recoverable form, with a small percentage (<10 wt %) consumed by reacting with the siliceous gangue forming wadalite. Pure ferrochrome alloy powders were successfully produced with high metal recovery using elutriating separation.

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“…First, CaCl 2 is readily available in large quantities because it is produced as a by-product of industrial processes [29,30]. Second, it is relatively cheap (300-400 USD/ton) [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Production of Ferrochrome by Segregation Reduction of Chromite in the Presence of Calcium Chloride

Paktunç

2018

Metals

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“…To develop novel chemical processes to remove salts from produced water, comprehensive thermodynamic models are required to relate thermophysical properties of various electrolytes over wide ranges of concentration and temperature [2]. Although numerous thermodynamic models have been proposed for aqueous electrolyte solutions, there is no proven thermodynamic model for produced water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic modeling of aqueous Ca 2+ – Na + – K + – Cl − quaternary system

Tanveer

Zhou

Chen

2016

Fluid Phase Equilibria

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“…The interest for calcium chloride lies in the following nonexhaustive features and advantages, depending on the application: -Easy availability [13] because large quantities are produced as by-product of industrial processes [14,15]. -Subsequently, calcium chloride is one of the cheapest [13,16,9] (0.3e0.4 USD kg À1 [16e20], 2 USD kg À1 [15]), even the cheapest commercially available salt hydrate, depending on the application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%