Vapor Pressure of Gallium, Stability of Gallium Suboxide Vapor, and Equilibria of Some Reactions Producing Gallium Suboxide Vapor

Cochran, C. Norman; Foster, L. M.

doi:10.1149/1.2425347

Cited by 112 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…6 Additionally, unlike mercury, gallium is safe to use in ambient environment due to its low vapor pressure. 7,8 By taking full advantage of the deformability and nontoxicity of the liquid metal, many research groups have utilized liquid metal for wearable applications. Liquid metal has been widely adopted to make a variety of applications such as stretchable microfluidic antenna, 9-14 soft mechanical sensors, 15,16 loudspeakers 17 and ionic current diodes 18 as well as extensive interconnections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A skin-attachable, stretchable integrated system based on liquid GaInSn for wireless human motion monitoring with multi-site sensing capabilities

et al. 2017

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This paper introduces a liquid-metal integrated system that combines soft electronics materials and engineering designs with advanced near-field-communication (NFC) functionality for human motion sensing. All of the active components, that is, strain sensor, antenna and interconnections, in this device are made of liquid metal, and the device has unique gel-like characteristics and stretchability. Patterning procedures based on selective wetting properties of the reduced GaInSn enable a skin-attachable, miniaturized layout, in which the diameter of the device is less than 2 cm. Electromechanical characterization of the strain sensor and antenna reveals their behaviors under large uniaxial tensile and compressive strains, as well as more complex modes of deformation. Demonstrations of these devices involve their use in monitoring various human motions in a purely wireless fashion; examples include wrist flexion, movements of the vocal cord and finger motion. This simple platform has potential for use in human-machine interfaces for prosthetic control and other applications. NPG Asia Materials (2017) 9, e443; doi:10.1038/am.2017.189; published online 27 October 2017 INTRODUCTION Skin-mounted, deformable devices capable of sensing various signals such as strain, pressure and temperature can be used in a variety of applications ranging from health monitoring systems and personal diagnostics to human-machine interfaces. 1 Advanced concepts in stretchable materials and mechanics principles form the basis for devices that can gently laminate onto the soft and curvilinear surfaces of human skin or conformally wrap onto internal organs of the body. 2-5 Gallium-based liquid metals are highly suitable candidates for such applications due to their unlimited deformability while maintaining excellent metallic conductivity. The use of gallium-based liquid-metal alloys confined in elastomeric enclosures provides intrinsically stretchable properties that maintain bulk electrical conductivity with high stretchability. 6 Additionally, unlike mercury, gallium is safe to use in ambient environment due to its low vapor pressure. 7,8 By taking full advantage of the deformability and nontoxicity of the liquid metal, many research groups have utilized liquid metal for wearable

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A skin-attachable, stretchable integrated system based on liquid GaInSn for wireless human motion monitoring with multi-site sensing capabilities

et al. 2017

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“…The coefficients 1 7 K K − are determined from the experimental results described, for example, in [ [8][9][10] ]. In accordance with these reactions and adding the vaporized oxygen into the gas environment, we increase the concentration of 2 Ga O and, consequently, the break of the very first initiative reaction will take place, which in turn decreases the concentration of 2 SiO in catalyzing silicon.…”

Section: Methods and Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

LPE technology for power GaAs diode structures

Voitovich¹,

Rang²,

Rang³

2010

Estonian J. Eng.

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Abstract.A liquid phase epitaxy technology for deposition of GaAs epilayers on the monocristallic GaAs substrates for high voltage ultra fast power p + -p-i-n-n + GaAs structures has been developed. Proposed technological and hardware solutions of the LPE allow high efficiency of the growing process of diode structures with prescribed ratings and high structural quality of epitaxial layers. A method and technology for the fabrication of GaAs dies for the nanosecond range with reverse voltage up to 1200 V and current up to 100 A in diode chips is introduced. Reverse recovery times down to 20 ns were achieved and could be preserved up to + 260 °С.

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“…For Ga vaporization studies, Speiser and Johnston [14] and Cochran and Foster [15] measured the vapor pressure of liquid Ga using the Knudsen method and Frosch and Thurmond [16] measured vaporization from a Ga (1)-Ga 2 O 3 mixture by the transportation technique. Speiser and Johnston determined that, in previous studies, the purity of Ga or the alloying of gallium with platinum and Cr-Ni effusion cells might have resulted in scattered data and lower vapor pressures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[15] In addition, the minor additions of yttrium and zirconium improve the adherence of the alumina scale on the Fe-Cr-Al alloy. The encapsulation method was selected to establish the partial pressure of Ga 2 O vapor, as previously reported by Kolman et al [11] and to study the possible reactivity of Ga with the Fe-Cr-Al-Y-Zr alloy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidation of an Fe-Cr-Al-Y-Zr alloy forming an alumina scale in a Ga2O atmosphere at 1473 K

Vasquez

Bronson

2005

Metall Mater Trans A

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The oxidation of an Fe-Cr-Al-Y-Zr alloy exposed to a Ga atmosphere at 1473 K has been investigated by an encapsulation method. A Ga/Ga 2 O 3 mixture was placed within the quartz ampoules to establish the Ga 2 O and the O 2 partial pressures enveloping a Fe-Cr-Al-Y-Zr alloy (specifically, 72.8Fe-22Cr-5Al-0.1Y-0.1Zr by mass pct), which contains minor additions of yttrium and zirconium to improve scale adherence. A deoxidized Ar atmosphere surrounded the ampoules to control oxygen permeation through the silica wall. The Fe-Cr-Al-Y-Zr alloy developed an Al 2 O 3 scale growing parabolically and protecting the substrate from gallium attack for 5, 10, 20, 40, and 50 days, as examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The Ga 2 O atmosphere decomposes to liquid Ga and Ga 2 O 3 on the alloy surface, but gallium species do not penetrate the oxide layer according to the limits of detection for EDX analysis. Defect equilibria incorporating Ga 2 O are presented with neutral interstitial oxygen to explain the oxidation of the Fe-Cr-Al-Y-Zr alloy.

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Vapor Pressure of Gallium, Stability of Gallium Suboxide Vapor, and Equilibria of Some Reactions Producing Gallium Suboxide Vapor

Cited by 112 publications

References 5 publications

A skin-attachable, stretchable integrated system based on liquid GaInSn for wireless human motion monitoring with multi-site sensing capabilities

A skin-attachable, stretchable integrated system based on liquid GaInSn for wireless human motion monitoring with multi-site sensing capabilities

LPE technology for power GaAs diode structures

Oxidation of an Fe-Cr-Al-Y-Zr alloy forming an alumina scale in a Ga2O atmosphere at 1473 K

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