Vapor phase tri-methyl-indium seeding system suitable for high temperature spectroscopy and thermometry

Whiddon, Ronald; Zhou, Bo; Borggren, Jesper; Aldén, Marcus; Li, Zhongshan

doi:10.1063/1.4930123

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The largest loss is most probably the deposition of the seeded trimethyl compound on the surface of the gas lines and in the burner reducing the seeded concentration. Another reason may be that the TMGa is not completely converted into gallium atoms and that the seeded species reacts in the flame to form radicals such as GaOH and GaH as previously observed for indium flames [25]. The decline in atomic concentration observed when the flame becomes more and more fuel lean may be explained by oxidation of the atoms with, e.g., oxygen or hydroxyl radicals.…”

Section: Species Distribution and Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The indium and gallium was seeded using the seeding system previously presented in [25] where an inert flow of gas passes through a bubbler, containing either trimethylindium (TMIn) or trimethylgallium (TMGa), and carries this compound to the measurement object where decomposition will produce the atoms to be probed in the measurement. The temperature of the bubbler and the flow speed through the bubbler determines the concentration of the seeded species in the flame.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increase of indium atoms in the secondary reaction zone may be explained by the decomposition of indium species and radicals in this chemical reactive region. For example, TMIn/TMGa may not have decomposed completely in a fuel-rich flame in the first reaction zone or formation of atomic radicals such as InOH (radicals previously observed to form in combustion environments in [25]) may dissociate in the second reaction zone.…”

Section: Species Distribution and Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The seeding system described in [25] is used to seed the atomic species in gas phase to the flow. The system offers the possibility to seed a constant concentration of the atomic species to a wide range of burners.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diode laser-based thermometry using two-line atomic fluorescence of indium and gallium

et al. 2017

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the requirements listed above, is two-line atomic fluorescence (TLAF) [4][5][6]. TLAF is a laser-based ratiometric technique, in which the temperature-dependent population of two lower lying electronic states, of a seeded atom, is probed by laser excitation and the ratio of the resulting fluorescence is correlated with the temperature of the gas. TLAF offers several beneficial features for temperature measurements in reactive flows. Firstly, no a priori knowledge of the combustion environment is necessary as the technique is independent of quenching due to the excitation to a common upper state [7]. Secondly, the use of an atomic species as temperature marker offers advantages such as providing high transition probabilities yielding strong fluorescence signals as well as being free from errors related to vibrational and rotational energy transfer existing in molecules [8,9]. Thirdly, TLAF also has the possibility for thermometry measurements in sooting and particulate-laden flames as the detection wavelength can be shifted from the excitation wavelength [10,11]. The disadvantage of TLAF is that an atomic species, not normally present in the flame, has to be introduced which may add complexities to the experimental set-up.Two-line atomic fluorescence has been developed in steps where the first theoretical ground work was conducted by Alkemade [7] and experimentally demonstrated shortly thereafter using atomic lamps [12,13]. With the advent of suitable lasers, TLAF became a tool for temperature measurements with imaging capabilities in non-steady environments [4,10,11,[14][15][16]. Recently, TLAF measurement has been extended from the linear regime to non-linear regime by Medwell et al. [4] and to the saturation regime by Manteghi et al. [14] in an attempt to maximize the fluorescence signal for instantaneous temperature measurements. With the improvement in regards to available power and wavelengths of diode lasers, TLAF measurements using diode lasers have been shown to give accurate temperatures in both low-pressure and atmospheric Abstract A robust and relatively compact calibration-free thermometric technique using diode lasers two-line atomic fluorescence (TLAF) for reactive flows at atmospheric pressures is investigated. TLAF temperature measurements were conducted using indium and, for the first time, gallium atoms as temperature markers. The temperature was measured in a multi-jet burner running methane/air flames providing variable temperatures ranging from 1600 to 2000 K. Indium and gallium were found to provide a similar accuracy of ~ 2.7% and precision of ~ 1% over the measured temperature range. The reliability of the TLAF thermometry was further tested by performing simultaneous rotational CARS measurements in the same experiments.

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Section: Species Distribution and Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Species Distribution and Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diode laser-based thermometry using two-line atomic fluorescence of indium and gallium

et al. 2017

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“…18,23 In this work, gallium was chosen as the seeded species because it has a better sensitivity at lower temperatures that could be expected in biomass combustion. The seeding system described by Whiddon et al 24 was used to seed the flame with trimethylgallium (TMGa) molecules that upon passage through the reaction zone dissociates into free gallium atoms that can be excited with a laser. An inert gas, such as nitrogen, is flowed through a bubbler filled with TMGa, where the TMGa will undergo sublimation due to the high vapor pressure and saturate the carrier gas.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatially Resolved Temperature Measurements Above a Burning Wood Pellet Using Diode Laser-Based Two-Line Atomic Fluorescence

et al. 2017

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Diode laser-based two-line atomic fluorescence (TLAF) thermometry applied to flames of combusting wood pellets is demonstrated. The temperature above burning wood pellets placed in the hot product gas of gallium seeded laminar flames is measured. The calibration-free technique provides spatially resolved temperatures in one dimension with sufficient temporal resolution to resolve all combustion stages of a pellet, even in highly sooting flames. The temperature above a burning pellet was found to decrease due to the release of volatile gases and the accuracy and precision of the technique is assessed at flame temperatures.

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Development of TDLAS sensor for diagnostics of CO, H2O and soot concentrations in reactor core of pilot-scale gasifier

Sepman¹,

Ögren

Gullberg³

et al. 2016

Appl. Phys. B

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Vapor phase tri-methyl-indium seeding system suitable for high temperature spectroscopy and thermometry

Cited by 14 publications

References 22 publications

Diode laser-based thermometry using two-line atomic fluorescence of indium and gallium

Diode laser-based thermometry using two-line atomic fluorescence of indium and gallium

Spatially Resolved Temperature Measurements Above a Burning Wood Pellet Using Diode Laser-Based Two-Line Atomic Fluorescence

Development of TDLAS sensor for diagnostics of CO, H2O and soot concentrations in reactor core of pilot-scale gasifier

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