Vapor‐Based Multicomponent Coatings for Antifouling and Biofunctional Synergic Modifications

Abstract

A general concept is introduced featuring an ideal multifunctional surface that can avoid fouling problems while allowing the installed groups to perform with the high efficacy and accuracy necessary for delivering cascading and spontaneous biological activities. The idea is realized by using a direct synthesis of a multicomponent coating containing the two functionalities of 4‐methyl‐propiolate and 4‐N‐maleimidomethyl that is achieved via chemical vapor deposition copolymerization on various substrates. The novel coating can simultaneously perform specific bio‐orthogonal reactions, including the azide‐alkyne click reaction and a thiol‐maleimide coupling reaction. In the study, azide‐terminated polyethylene glycols are first immobilized on the methyl propiolate groups to impart an antifouling property, while bioactivity is enabled by tethering biotinylated thiols or Cys‐Arg‐Glu‐Asp‐Val (CREDV) peptides on the maleimide groups. The induced antifouling properties and bioactivities are confirmed by quartz crystal microbalance and cell culture studies. Finally, precisely manipulated endothelial cells, namely, human umbilical vein endothelial cells and bovine arterial endothelial cells, are observed on a complex stent substrate and on confined areas of the poly(methyl methacrylate) substrates.

Vapor sublimation and deposition to build porous particles and composites

“…Finally, in the demonstration, the deposition used a functionalized version of a multicomponent poly- para -xylylene that was synthesized using a two-sourced CVD installation, and the deposition occurred by copolymerizing two types of functionalized para -xylylene monomers from two independent inlets. 32 The multicomponent para -xylylene copolymer containing multiple functional groups was formed in one deposition step. As a proof-of-concept, we choose two functionalized para -xylylene monomers, 4- N -hydroxysuccinimide-ester-[2,2]paracyclophane and 4-methyl-propiolate-[2,2]paracyclophane, for the copolymerization deposition process and the demonstration.…”

“… 33 The deposition to form a poly[4- N -hydroxysuccinimide-ester- p -xylylene- co -4-methyl-propiolate- p -xylylene- co - p -xylylene] copolymer on the sublimating Fe 3 O 4 /ice particles can produce the analogous Fe 3 O 4 /poly- para -xylylene particle composites and composites with installed functional groups, such as NHS-ester and ester-alkyne groups, which are accessible to the amine/NHS−ester coupling reaction 34 and the azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction without the requirement of a copper catalyst. 32 , 35 The use of the multifunctional poly- para -xylylene copolymer additionally provided the featured function of (iii) for the proposed, multifunctional poly- para -xylylene particle composites. These functionalities were readily available for multitasking, and the production of such multifunctional nanocomposites containing features of (i), (ii), and (iii) can be accomplished in a single step from the same sublimation/deposition process.…”

Simple Nanodroplet Templating of Functional Surfaces with Tailored Wettability and Microstructures

“…PEG has been widely used to treat PMMA surfaces to promote cell adhesion and minimize nonspecific adsorption. [36,[43][44][45] The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results in Figure 3c onfirm that hydrophilic PEG chains have been successfully grafted onto the PMMA surface. The survey spectra of unmodified PMMA,P EG, and PMMA-g-PEG in Figure 3a indicatet he presence of oxygen and carbon.…”

“…Hydrophilic circular domains on superhydrophobic surface were then obtained by hydrophilization of polymer lenses by grafting of PEG onto the PMMA surface. PEG has been widely used to treat PMMA surfaces to promote cell adhesion and minimize nonspecific adsorption . The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results in Figure confirm that hydrophilic PEG chains have been successfully grafted onto the PMMA surface.…”

Multifunctional Surface Modification: Facile and Flexible Reactivity toward a Precisely Controlled Biointerface

“…In the present study, we synthesized a multicomponent coating, poly[( N ‐hydroxysuccinimide ester‐ p ‐xylylene)‐ co ‐(benzoyl‐ p ‐xylylene)‐ co ‐( p ‐xylylene)] (hereafter referred to as PPX‐d‐NB; ‐d‐ indicates disubstitution), which comprised N ‐hydroxysuccinimide ester (NHS ester) and benzoyl functional moieties, and the resulting coating surface was readily available for the concurrent conjugation of biomolecules via NHS ester‐amine coupling (through the NHS ester motif) and light‐induced molecular crosslinking via rapid insertion into CH or NH bonds (through the benzoyl motif). Synthesis of the multicomponent coating was based on a one‐step coating process that exploited chemical vapor deposition (CVD) copolymerization, which renders a conformal and substrate‐independent coating . The coating technology can be transferred from one substrate to another and can be modified on a substrate irrespective of the shape, e.g., on a microsphere, a curved liquid surface, or the inner surface of a confined microchannel .…”