Vanguard – a proposed European astrobiology experiment on Mars

Abstract

We propose a new type of robotic mission for the exploration of Mars. This mission is called Vanguard and represents the fruits of a collaboration that is both international and multi-disciplinary. Vanguard is designed for sub-surface penetration and investigation using remote instruments and unlike previous robotic architectures it offers the opportunity for multiple subsurface site analysis using three moles. The moles increase the probability that a subsurface signature of life can be found and by accomplishing subsurface analysis across a transect, the statistical rigour of Martian scientific exploration would be improved. There is no provision for returning samples to the surface for analysis by a gas-chromatograph/mass-spectrometer (GCMS) -this minimizes the complexity invoked by sophisticated robotic overheads. The primary scientific instruments to be deployed are the Raman spectrometer, infrared spectrometer and laser-induced breakdown spectroscope -the Raman spectrometer in particular is discussed. We concentrate primarily on the scientific rationale for the Vanguard mission proposal. The Vanguard mission proposal represents a logical opportunity for extending European robotic missions to Mars.

Astrobiological instrumentation for Mars – the only way is down

“…The basic concept of the Vanguard mission proposal is to deliver to the surface of Mars a tri-utility surface package -a small lander, a mobile rover and three subsurface moles to be transported to Mars by a Mars Express-class carrier Ellery et al 2002b). In many respects, it resembles the original Beagle 2 concept but there are significant differences (Sims et al 1998).…”

Robotics in the service of astronomy

“…The primary role of robotics in space missions is to augment or replace human activity in space. The role of robotics in planetary exploration is readily appreciated – robotic landers, rovers, penetrators, manipulator arms, aerobots, cryobots, snakebots etc are enabling technologies that provide the means to deliver scientific instruments to selected targets of interest above, on or in planetary locations (Ellery et al 2002a,b,c, 2003). Less well appreciated is the role that robotics can play in advancing astronomical instrumentation.…”