24A field-trial with different application rates of converter lime (0.2, 0.7 and 1.0 kg m -2 ) was set up 25 in a pine forest stand in southern Sweden in 1984. The lime contained 14.6 g kg -1 vanadium. The aim 26 with this study was to evaluate the vanadium concentration and speciation in the soil 26 years after 27 application. Samples of the organic mor layer and the mineral soil were analysed separately. The 28 vanadium concentration decreased with soil depth, from 680 to 8 mg kg -1 soil. Analysis by vanadium 29 K-edge XANES spectroscopy showed that vanadium(IV) was the predominant species in the mor 30 layer. Further, iron and/or aluminium (hydr)oxides were important sorbents for vanadium(V) in the 31 mineral soil. The speciation of dissolved vanadium, as determined by HPLC-ICP-MS, was dominated 32 by vanadium(V), which is considered the most toxic vanadium species. However, the vanadium 33 sorption capacity of the soil was sufficient to reduce the total bioavailable vanadium below phytotoxic 34 levels. By combining two different vanadium speciation methods, this study was able to conclude that 35 vanadium speciation in soils is governed by soil properties such as pH. organic matter content and the 36 content of metal (hydr)oxides, but not by the vanadium species added to the soil. 37