“…Among all these energy storage technologies, battery is a promising solution due to the high responding rate, which has been the most widespread energy storage device for power system application [10,11]. Different types of batteries have been researched and applied in energy storage application including sodium-sulfur (NaS) battery [12], sodium nickel chloride (NaNiCl 2 ) battery [13], vanadium redox battery [14], iron chromium battery [15], zinc bromine battery [16], zinc air battery [17] and lead acid battery [18]. Specifically, for large-scale energy storage, the NaS battery is an adequate choice due to its low cost, long life and mature commercial status [19].…”