“…191 Vanadium is used as an antipredator agent when it is accumulated by certain fauna. 192 Biotransformation can also occur during abovementioned processes by faunal specific detoxification systems (e.g., cytochrome P450 enzyme, and metallothionein protein synthesis). 191 Unfortunately, knowledge on the uptake, bioaccumulation, and biotransformation of V by earthworms is still lacking.…”