Valve Interstitial Cells Act in a Pericyte Manner Promoting Angiogensis and Invasion by Valve Endothelial Cells

Abstract

Neovascularization is an understudied aspect of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). Within diseased valves, cells along the neovessels' periphery stain for pericyte markers, but it is unclear whether valvular interstitial cells (VICs) can demonstrate a pericyte-like phenotype. This investigation examined the perivascular potential of VICs to regulate valve endothelial cell (VEC) organization and explored the role of Angiopoeitin1-Tie2 signaling in this process. Porcine VECs and VICs were fluorescently tracked and co-cultured in Matrigel over 7 days. VICs regulated early VEC network organization in a ROCK-dependent manner, then guided later VEC network contraction through chemoattraction. Unlike vascular control cells, the valve cell cultures ultimately formed invasive spheroids with 3D angiogenic-like sprouts. VECs co-cultured with VICs displayed significantly more invasion than VECs alone; with VICs generally leading and wrapping around VEC invasive sprouts. Lastly, Angiopoietin1-Tie2 signaling was found to regulate valve cell organization during VEC/VIC spheroid formation and invasion. VICs demonstrated pericyte-like behaviors toward VECs throughout sustained co-culture. The change from a vasculogenic network to an invasive sprouting spheroid suggests that both cell types undergo phenotypic changes during long-term culture in the model angiogenic environment. Valve cells organizing into spheroids and undergoing 3D invasion of Matrigel demonstrated several typical angiogenic-like phenotypes dependent on basal levels of Angiopoeitin1-Tie2 signaling and ROCK activation. These results suggest that the ectopic sustained angiogenic environment during the early stages of valve disease promotes organized activity by both VECs and VICs, contributing to neovessel formation and the progression of CAVD.

Cell Phenotype Transitions in Cardiovascular Calcification

“…When MSCs themselves are seeded onto valve scaffolds and cultured under pulsatile flow conditions they acquire a myofibroblast-like phenotype, suggesting that exposure to mechanical and flow forces can drive progenitor cells to differentiate down the osteogenic lineage ( 40 ). In line with myofibroblast plasticity, VICs can exhibit the MSC/pericyte-like function of providing structural support to valve endothelial networks ( 41 ). In vitro co-culture assays in matrigel found that VICs possess chemo-attractive properties and wrap around sprouts of valve endothelial cells (VECs).…”

Prognostic Utility of Circulating Growth Factors in Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Pilot Study

“…Pathological neovascularization is an important aspect of calcification of aortic valve disease, in which Ang-2 activates valvular endothelial cells (VECs) and valvular interstitial cells, promoting neovessel formation [ 7 ]. VEGF-A stimulates differentiation of myofibroblasts to osteoblasts in cusps of the aortic valve [ 8 ].…”

Early Aberrant Angiogenesis Due to Elastic Fiber Fragmentation in Aortic Valve Disease

“…Findings from previous studies support an inflammatory mechanism in the context of end-stage AVD [ 11 , 15 ], but it is unclear whether this represents the inciting pathology or a secondary factor that accelerates AVD progression [ 43 , 44 ]. Increasing evidence suggests additional mechanisms contribute to early AVD pathogenesis, including dysregulation of developmental programs [ 7 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ], which may predispose valve tissue to inflammation. A strength of this current study is the strategy to compare early with late-onset AVD specimens [ 20 , 21 ] to control for the confounding effects of common comorbidities associated with inflammation in adulthood, including aging [ 50 ].…”