“…Information Externalities: An important consequence of a consumer's privacy decision is the informational externality generated by that decision, as information revealed by one consumer can be used to predict the behavior of another consumer. 8,9 Several recent theoretical studies argue how such externalities can lead to the underpricing of data, and results in socially excessive data collection (Fair eld and Engel, 2015;Choi, Jeon and Kim, 2019;Acemoglu et al, 2019;Bergemann, Bona i and Gan, 2019;Liang and Madsen, 2019). Braghieri (2019) theoretically studies how privacy choices by consumers can have pecuniary externalities on other consumers by a ecting rms' incentives for price discrimination.…”