Values Versus Regulations: How Culture Plays Its Role

Abstract

regulation, entry, culture, economic development, corruption, time,

Relationship-Oriented Cultures, Corruption, and International Marketing Success

“…Generally, such studies suggest that corruption stems from a lack of capitalism and inadequate pay for government employees. However, consistent with the findings of Jing and Graham (2008) we have excluded a connection between consumer resources and corruption levels in our model specification. That is, they found that the correlation between corruption and economic development disappeared when cultural values were modeled as influencing both.…”

“…The complexity of corruption results in current definitions which are fraught with subjectivity and cultural relativism (Houston and Graham, 2001); it is evident that people from different countries have various perceptions and tolerances toward bribery even though it is illegal in most nations (Jing and Graham, 2008). Donleavy et al (2008) suggest that in China, corruption has three faces: tanwu (malpractice), whui (bribery), and tequan (privileges).…”

“…He explains that monopolies are more common in collectivistic countries, while in more individualistic countries competition goes hand-in-hand with greater economic freedom and the associated better economic performance. Finally, in a series of tests of all the potential relationships among cultural values, economic performance, and corruption Jing and Graham (2008) report that the most analytical credence accrues to cultural values causing both economic performance and corruption. The last go on to explain that innovation, a key driver of affluence, is more difficult in relationship-oriented cultures, because innovations tend to disrupt long lasting interpersonal bonds and are therefore resisted.…”

Foundations of Responsible Leadership: Asian Versus Western Executive Responsibility Orientations Toward Key Stakeholders

“…Much evidence indicates that culture matters in responsible leadership and ethical behavior, but how, when, and why are less clear. For instance, past research has found significant cultural differences in managers' willingness to accept bribery as the price of business, and willingness to engage in other forms of unethical conduct (e.g., Jing and Graham 2008;Martin et al 2007). However, as culture is often correlated with other socio-economic influences such as GDP and institutions, it is difficult to determine which country-level factors are driving corrupt behavior.…”

The Impact of Economic Inequality on Economic Freedom

“…While the index has been used a large number of times as an independent variable, far less work has gone into explaining economic freedom. Recent scholarly work has examined the impact of foreign aid (Bearce and Tirone 2010), personal characteristics of politicians (Dreher et al 2009), and culture (Jing and Graham 2008) on economic freedom as measured by the EFW index. Inequality too may play a role in determining economic freedom.…”