Value‐stack aggregator optimal planning considering disparate DERs technologies

Abstract

Federal energy regulatory commission (FERC) Order #2222 prescribes that distributed energy resources (DERs) with 100 kW or more capacity in aggregate should be allowed to participate in organized electricity markets. Most aggregation is via a combination of disparate DER technologies such as solar, wind, storage, electric vehicles, and smart load units. Another stumbling block to enabling participation of DERs in organized electricity markets is the energy limitation. However, there is a lack of aggregator models in the literature that gainfully allow aggregation of disparate DER technologies that are energy limited. To address this shortcoming, we proposed a disparate DER aggregator (DDA) planning model here, that overcomes energy limitation of DERs. The DDA planning model considers multiple revenue streams of (1) capacity credits; (2) energy revenues; and (3) ancillary services revenues. The proposed DDA planning model enables disparate DER technologies to collate and provide a firm power capacity and participate in the market capacity auction and receive capacity credits. This comprehensive DDA planning model considers the dynamic/temporary aggregations with other facilities through peer-to-peer (P2P) trade, and maximization of the net present value (NPV) revenues over the planning horizon. The developed model is tested on sample and practical large-scale case studies. Additional sensitivity analyses are performed, demonstrating the favourable performance and the business potential of the developed DDA planning model.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Stacking Revenues From Flexible DERs in Multi-Scale Markets Using Tri-Level Optimization

“…Long term BESSs bidding strategy in day-ahead and frequency markets is investigated at national scale by [17]. Energy, capacity and ancillary services were stacked in [18] considering different DER technologies over a monthly planning horizon for national energy and capacity markets. Nevertheless, hierarchical structures cannot be modelled by these single-level approaches.…”

“…Energy arbitrage, Reserve provision EV Hourly National MIQCP [18] Energy arbitrage, Reserve provision…”

A Techno-Social Approach to Unlocking Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Integration: A Real-World Demonstration

“…In addition, V2X could play a significant role by being aggregated with other DERs and participating in grid services, however, its realistic alignment with current electricity market rules, including the governance and contracting between all parties, is left unclear [25]. This is an important oversight as PSOs begin to test the ability of mixed aggregations to perform in capacities as low as 100 kW [26]. Lastly, there is a lack of real-world V2X deployment and lessons learned to date, which is critical in establishing trust, market readiness and eventual uptake.…”