Abstract:The study relies on the institutional economic history framework. We focus on the value of exclusive political resource leading to the building of hierarchically organized conglomerate of enclaves of wealth in the Russian economy. Various milestones of Russian history are emphasized. The functioning and evolution of enclaves of wealth are characterized through a complicated interweaving of added value chains and chains of value redistribution. The enclave nature of the Russian economy means that there is susta… Show more
“…до введения (тотальных) санкций 2022 года При изучении стратегий поведения отечественных «олигархов» необходимо определить их предпочтения с точки зрения взаимоотношений с правящей группой, которая характеризуется высокой степенью персонализации в фигуре Президента РФ. Правящая группа является исходным источником политических связей в российской экономике, сохраняет политический контроль и де-факто выступает верховным владельцем прав собственности на формально приватизированные активы в ее наиболее прибыльных отраслях (Левин, Саблин, 2018;Levin, Sablin, 2020). Первая группа крупных российских предпринимателей может быть охарактеризована как «олигархи» из ближнего круга Президента РФ, которые имеют с ним длительные дружеские связи (доверенные лица).…”
Section: стратегии поведения крупных российских предпринимателейunclassified
The article addresses behavioral strategies of top Russian entrepreneurs operating in the export and resource sectors in the context of comprehensive sanctions imposed by Western countries. The choice of behavioral strategy is considered in the context of two types of networking that have developed in the post-Soviet period. The first type of networking implies the involvement into the inner economic chains supported by the ruling group. In the second type of networking, the participants are involved into global value chains (GVCs). Two framework strategies of behavior emerged after the first “wave” of sanctions imposed in 2014. The first strategy was adopted by top entrepreneurs who have deep friendly relations with the "ruler". The proponents of this strategy, being supported by the ruling group, transformed into the operators of quasi-public resources with the minimum dependence on GVCs. The second strategy was formed by the owners of Alfa Group who sought to emphasize their political neutrality. The imposition of sanctions in 2022 showed that the first strategy was productive. Meanwhile, the strategy of Alfa Group members turned out to be a failure – the entrepreneurs were not protected from the Western sanctions and devalued their position in the Russian power vertical. Since the amount of resources distributed by the ruling group is limited, the strategy of the Russian top entrepreneurs is based on finding the balance within the two types of networking
“…до введения (тотальных) санкций 2022 года При изучении стратегий поведения отечественных «олигархов» необходимо определить их предпочтения с точки зрения взаимоотношений с правящей группой, которая характеризуется высокой степенью персонализации в фигуре Президента РФ. Правящая группа является исходным источником политических связей в российской экономике, сохраняет политический контроль и де-факто выступает верховным владельцем прав собственности на формально приватизированные активы в ее наиболее прибыльных отраслях (Левин, Саблин, 2018;Levin, Sablin, 2020). Первая группа крупных российских предпринимателей может быть охарактеризована как «олигархи» из ближнего круга Президента РФ, которые имеют с ним длительные дружеские связи (доверенные лица).…”
Section: стратегии поведения крупных российских предпринимателейunclassified
The article addresses behavioral strategies of top Russian entrepreneurs operating in the export and resource sectors in the context of comprehensive sanctions imposed by Western countries. The choice of behavioral strategy is considered in the context of two types of networking that have developed in the post-Soviet period. The first type of networking implies the involvement into the inner economic chains supported by the ruling group. In the second type of networking, the participants are involved into global value chains (GVCs). Two framework strategies of behavior emerged after the first “wave” of sanctions imposed in 2014. The first strategy was adopted by top entrepreneurs who have deep friendly relations with the "ruler". The proponents of this strategy, being supported by the ruling group, transformed into the operators of quasi-public resources with the minimum dependence on GVCs. The second strategy was formed by the owners of Alfa Group who sought to emphasize their political neutrality. The imposition of sanctions in 2022 showed that the first strategy was productive. Meanwhile, the strategy of Alfa Group members turned out to be a failure – the entrepreneurs were not protected from the Western sanctions and devalued their position in the Russian power vertical. Since the amount of resources distributed by the ruling group is limited, the strategy of the Russian top entrepreneurs is based on finding the balance within the two types of networking
“…Статья выполнена в рамках институциональной экономической истории, при этом специфика России анализируется в контексте мирового опыта формирования и использования крупными предпринимателями политических связей. Данные связи рассматриваются как специфический экономический ресурс, который выступает одновременно и как комплемент, и как субститут факторов производства (Dahan, 2005: 48;Levin and Sablin, 2020).…”
The study applies institutional approach to economic history. The world experience of political connections using by top entrepreneurs in different institutional environments is overviewed. Political connections are a resource that provides competitive advantages in economic markets. These connections also carry certain risks for their holders. We consider countries with developed as well as emerging markets. There are two main modes of political connections using, which are determined with the institutional parameters of political and economic systems. Top entrepreneurs receive regulatory advantages through organized lobbying of their private interests in developed countries. These advantages arise with the adoption of laws those set preferences. Lobbying is proactive, when top entrepreneurs impact policy-makers to "push" beneficial legal acts. Reactive lobbying means that top entrepreneurs act against adopted laws that worsen their competitive advantages. Relationships between top entrepreneurs and political actors are predominantly personalized in the emerging economies. As a result privileged regimes are arising. The hybrid institutional characteristics of emerging markets are manifested in the absence of functional division between market, political and administrative transactions, and the dual role of both political and economic actors. Our special research focus is on the experience of Russia regarding the use of political connections. The long stage of evolution within the Soviet type centrally controlled economy significantly influenced the nature of the relationship between economic and political actors.
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