Value Conflicts in Designing for Safety: Distinguishing Applications of Safe-by-Design and the Inherent Safety Principles

Bouchaut, Britte; Asveld, Lotte; Hanefeld, Ulf; Vlierboom, Alexander

doi:10.3390/ijerph18041963

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…At the same time, views on Safe-by-Design diverge such that we for instance find it described as "(experimental) process design focusing on procedural and technical risk management" [13], as well as "a specific elaboration of Responsible Research and Innovation, with an explicit focus on safety in relation to other important values in engineering such as wellbeing, sustainability, equity, and affordability" [3, and see also 4,14].…”

Section: Safe-by-designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, some consider Safe-by-Design as a topic at home in the field of nanotechnology [3], whereas others apply it to all engineering disciplines [4], and yet others deem it particularly apt for understanding those technologies characterized by high levels of uncertainty [13]. However, for the present purposes, a more-encompassing comparative analysis will not be necessary.…”

Section: Safe-by-designmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Circles of Care for Safety: A Care Ethics Approach to Safe-by-Design

2022

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Safe-by-Design is an approach to engineering that aims to integrate the value of safety in the design and development of new technologies. It does so by integrating knowledge of potential dangers in the design process and developing methods to design undesirable effects out of the innovation. Recent discussions have highlighted several challenges in conceptualizing safety and integrating the value into the design process. Therefore, some have argued to design for the responsibility for safety, instead of for safety itself. However, this idea has not been developed further. In this article, we develop an approach to Safe-by-Design, grounded in care ethics, which builds on the idea of designing for responsibility and can deal with the complexity that is inherent to the conceptualization of safety. We describe five ways in which care ethics contributes to the conceptualization of Safe-by-Design: (1) It suggests the development of ‘circles of care’ in which stakeholders share the responsibility for safety; (2) it recognizes the importance of considering safety as something that is situated in the surroundings of a technology, instead of as a property of the technology itself; (3) it acknowledges that achieving safety is labour that requires an ongoing commitment; (4) it emphasizes that the way in which we relate to technology impacts its safety; and (5) it recognizes the role of emotions in assessing safety. All these elements combined lead to a broader understanding of safety and a philosophically more substantial and practically more appealing conceptualization of Safe-by-Design.

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Section: Safe-by-designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Safe-by-designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circles of Care for Safety: A Care Ethics Approach to Safe-by-Design

2022

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“…Flow chemistry is an important tool for process intensification and has been reported to reduce reaction times concomitantly improving enantioselectivities by suppressing undesired side reactions. Additionally, it enhances safety and among others reduces reaction volumes [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. At the same time, it requires the enzymes to be immobilised, which often improves enzyme stability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Batch and Flow Nitroaldol Synthesis Catalysed by Granulicella tundricola Hydroxynitrile Lyase Immobilised on Celite R-633

et al. 2022

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Granulicella tundricola hydroxynitrile lyase (GtHNL) catalyses the synthesis of chiral (R)-cyanohydrins and (R)-β-nitro alcohols. The triple variant GtHNL-A40H/V42T/Q110H (GtHNL-3V) was immobilised on Celite R-633 and used in monophasic MTBE saturated with 100 mM KPi buffer pH 7 for the synthesis of (R)-2-nitro-1-phenylethanol (NPE) in batch and continuous flow systems. Nitromethane was used as a nucleophile. A total of 82% of (R)-NPE and excellent enantioselectivity (>99%) were achieved in the batch system after 24 hours of reaction time. GtHNL-3V on Celite R-633 was successfully recycled five times. During more recycling steps a significant decrease in yield was observed while the enantioselectivity remained excellent over eight cycles. The use of a flow system enabled the continuous synthesis of (R)-NPE. A total of 15% formation of (R)-NPE was reached using a flow rate of 0.1 mL min−1; unfortunately, the enzyme was not stable, and the yield decreased to 4% after 4 hours on stream. A similar yield was observed during 15 hours at a rate of 0.01 mL min−1. Surprisingly the use of a continuous flow system did not facilitate the process intensification. In fact, the batch system displayed a space-time-yield (STY/mgenzyme) of 0.10 g L−1 h−1 mgenzyme−1 whereas the flow system displayed 0.02 and 0.003 g L−1 h−1 mgenzyme−1 at 0.1 and 0.01 mL min−1, respectively. In general, the addition of 1 M nitromethane potentially changed the polarity of the reaction mixture affecting the stability of Celite-GtHNL-3V. The nature of the batch system maintained the reaction conditions better than the flow system. The higher yield and productivity observed for the batch system show that it is a superior system for the synthesis of (R)-NPE compared with the flow approach.

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“…7 In addition, the reduction in volume in continuous flow processes increase safety by avoiding handling of and thus potential exposure to large volumes of toxic compounds. 8,9 Soluble enzymes can be used for biotransformations in flow but reusability is difficult and the downstream processing needs to include a step for enzyme removal and its possible recycling. Immobilisation of enzymes allows straightforward reuse of the catalyst as it remains in the reactor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%