“…Recent research on co-creation and branding has focused on many different topics, including the implementation of a co-creation strategy (Ind et al, 2017), social marketing (Domegan, Collins, Stead, McHugh, & Hughes, 2013), collective action (Laamanen & Skålén, 2015), cultural differences (Voyer et al, 2017), customer co-creation value (Agrawal & Rahman, 2017; Merz et al, 2018), engagement (Black & Veloutsou, 2017; Conduit & Chen, 2017), actor roles (Biraghi & Gambetti, 2017; Kumar & Rajan, 2017; von Wallpach, Hemetsberger, & Espersen, 2017; Waseem, Biggemann, & Garry, 2017), brand communities (Kornum, Gyrd-Jones, Al Zagir, & Brandis, 2017; Roncha & Radclyffe-Thomas, 2016), value creation (Echeverri & Salomonson, 2017; Flores & Vasquez-Parraga, 2015; Grönroos & Voima, 2013; Merz et al, 2018; Skålén, Pace, & Cova, 2015), the outcome of co-creation (Alves, Fernandes, & Raposo, 2016; Cossío-Silva, Revilla-Camacho, Vega-Vázquez, & Palacios-Florencio, 2016; Kennedy, 2017; Navarro, Llinares, & Garzon, 2016) and the negative side of co-creation (Daunt & Harris, 2017; Greer, 2015; Plé, 2017; Smith, 2013). However, despite this impressive research attention and the resultant rich literature base, there is still not a clear picture of the different actors involved in co-creation, and the boundary conditions that make one type of co-creation more appropriate than another.…”