Valuable Natural Antioxidant Products Recovered from Tomatoes by Green Extraction

Abstract

Lycopene, β-carotene and ω-fatty acids are major compounds in tomatoes with known antioxidant activity, capable of preventing health disorders. The identification of potential natural sources of antioxidants, extraction efficiencies and antioxidant activity assessments are essential to promote such products to be used in the food, pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries. This work presents four added-value products recovered from tomatoes: pigmented solid oleoresin, pigmented oil and two raw extracts from supercritical and Soxhlet extraction. Different parameters including the matrices of tomatoes, extraction methods, green solvents and operating parameters were varied to obtain extracts with different qualities. Extract analysis was performed using UV–VIS, FT–IR, GC–MS, Folin–Ciocalteu and DPPH methods. The highest-quality extract was the solid oleoresin obtained from pomace using supercritical CO2 extraction at 450 bar, 70 °C and 11 kg/h: 1016.94 ± 23.95 mg lycopene/100 g extract, 154.87 ± 16.12 mg β-carotene/100 g extract, 35.25 ±0.14 mg GAE/g extract and 67.02 ± 5.11% inhibition DPPH. The economic feasibility of the three extraction processes (1:10:100 kg dried pomace/batch as scalability criterion) was evaluated. The most profitable was the supercritical extraction process at the highest capacity, which produces pigmented solid oleoresin and oil with high content of lycopene valorized with a high market price, using natural food waste (pomace).

Green Extraction Techniques of Bioactive Compounds: A State-of-the-Art Review

“…Some studies have demonstrated that ethyl acetate is a better extracting solvent for carotenoids than ethanol and even hexane [36]. Although a promising study, these results fell short of those obtained by Popescu et al [38] on the SC-CO 2 extraction of lycopene (1016.94 mg/100 g extract) from tomato pomace. Thus, for lycopene extraction from tomato wastes, supercritical CO 2 seems to yield the best results.…”

“…The major classes of biosolvents are (1) esters of natural organic acids (e.g., ethyl acetate and ethyl lactate), (2) fatty acid esters, (3) bioethanol, (4) terpenes compounds (e.g., eucalyptol, limonene, and others), (5) isosorbide, and (6) glycerol derivatives. These solvents are also considered green solvents since they are environmentally friendly and not harmful to humans [38][39][40].…”

Evaluation of Biological Potency of two Endemic Species Integrated with in vitro and in silico Approches: LC–MS/MS Analysis of the Plants

“…Briefly, for DPPH radical scavenging activity, the reaction components created with varying volumes (10, 20, 40, 80, and 120 μL) from stock extract solutions (mg mL −1 ), 1 mL of DPPH solution (260 μM), and ethanol. The tubes were vigorously mixed, the reduction in color intensity caused by DPPH reacting with the tested antioxidant compound was read spectrophotometrically at 517 nm after 30 min in dark conditions [48] . ABTS anti radical assay was performed using the prepared ABTS radical solution with Na 2 S 2 O 8 (1 : 2) were added to test tubes and incubated dark room.…”

“…The tubes were vigorously mixed, the reduction in color intensity caused by DPPH reacting with the tested antioxidant compound was read spectrophotometrically at 517 nm after 30 min in dark conditions. [48] ABTS anti radical assay was performed using the prepared ABTS radical solution with Na 2 S 2 O 8 (1 : 2) were added to test tubes and incubated dark room. The varying volumes of extract solutions (mg mL À 1 ) were dispensed into these tubes and their volumes were made up to 3 mL with phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH = 7.4).…”

Phytochemical Profiling and Assessment of Antidiabetic Activity of Curcuma Angustifolia Rhizome Methanolic Extract: An In Vitro and In Silico Analysis

“…The characteristic peaks and functional groups of the crude extract were detected using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (Nicolet iS50, Thermo Scientific, USA), with a resolution of 4 cm −1 , in the frequency range of 4000–500 cm −1 . The FTIR peak values were recorded [44] …”