Valorization of residual walnut biomass from forest management and wood processing for the production of bioactive compounds

Fernández-Agulló, Adela; Freire, M. Sonia; Ramírez-López, Cristina; Fernández-Moya, Jesús; González‐Álvarez, Julia

doi:10.1007/s13399-019-00598-9

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Wood contains biochemical compounds that enhance its resistance to microbial degradation. These special chemicals or extractives are not structural components, so they can be extracted by using different solvents [118,119]. The quantity and type of extractives vary between wood species even within different parts of wood in the same tree [119].…”

Section: Methods To Study the Antimicrobial Properties Of Wood Extractivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing the Antimicrobial Characteristics of Wood Materials: A Review of Methods

et al. 2020

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Some wood species have antimicrobial properties, making them a better choice over inert surfaces in certain circumstances. However, the organic and porous nature of wood raises questions regarding the use of this material in hygienically important places. Therefore, it is reasonable to investigate the microbial survival and the antimicrobial potential of wood via a variety of methods. Based on the available literature, this review classifies previously used methods into two broad categories: one category tests wood material by direct bacterial contact, and the other tests the action of molecules previously extracted from wood on bacteria and fungi. This article discusses the suitability of these methods to wood materials and exposes knowledge gaps that can be used to guide future research. This information is intended to help the researchers and field experts to select suitable methods for testing the hygienic safety and antimicrobial properties of wood materials.

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Section: Methods To Study the Antimicrobial Properties Of Wood Extractivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing the Antimicrobial Characteristics of Wood Materials: A Review of Methods

et al. 2020

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“…These latter have been described also as constituents of other forest trees and their wastes. Indeed, recently, bulk samples of bark waste from Pinus contorta, Pinus sylvestris, and Quercus robur, were investigated in depth for their polyphenol content [27], and various biomass residues (shavings, edged cuts, and pruning wastes) from walnut were analyzed as sources of antioxidant compounds by means of a green extraction process [28]. In this context, Pycnogenol ® (PYC) and Flavangenol ® are good examples of commercially available pine bark-based products [29].…”

Section: Chemical Composition Of F Sylvatica Leaf Methanolic Extractmentioning

confidence: 99%

UHPLC-HRMS Analysis of Fagus sylvatica (Fagaceae) Leaves: A Renewable Source of Antioxidant Polyphenols

et al. 2021

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European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is a deciduous tree, widely distributed in Europe and largely appreciated for its wood and nutritive nuts. Beech leaf also enjoys food use as salad, but an understanding of its nutraceutical value is still far from being achieved. Indeed, and also taking into account beech leaf as a consistent biomass residue available beechwood production and use, it needs to be explored as a valuable renewable specialized source of bioactive molecules. In this context, an untargeted ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated with high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) approach was favorably applied to a beech leaf alcoholic extract, which also was evaluated for its antiradical capability (by means of assays based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and [2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid)] (ABTS) radical cation) and its ferric ion reducing power. Redox mitochondrial activity towards Caco-2 cells paved the way to explore the extract’s capability to inhibit intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) using 2’,7’dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay. Hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives, mainly belonging to the chlorogenic acid class, and flavonoids were the main constituents. Uncommon flavanone C-glycosides were also found, together with a plentiful flavonol diversity. Cell-free and cell-based assays highlight its dose-dependent antioxidant efficacy, providing a foundation for further investigation of beech leaf constituents and its valorization and use as a reservoir of bioactive natural products with potential nutraceutical applications.

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“…In wood from pruned walnut trees, polyphenols were the main compounds, especially the phenolic acids gallic acid, ellagic acid, and ferulic acid, as well as the flavonol quercetin-3-β- d -glucoside [ 89 ]. In a water extract of pruned wood, gallic acid reached 98.0 mg/kg, ferulic acid reached 48.2 mg/kg, and quercetin-3-β- d -glucoside reached 38.3 mg/kg.…”

Section: The Main Fruit Trees In Europe: Bioactive Compounds From Woo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a water extract of pruned wood, gallic acid reached 98.0 mg/kg, ferulic acid reached 48.2 mg/kg, and quercetin-3-β- d -glucoside reached 38.3 mg/kg. In an ethanolic extract, the major compounds were quercetin-3-β- d -glucoside, with 150.2 mg/kg, and ellagic acid, with 101.4 mg/kg [ 89 ]. In a methanolic extract of walnut sawdust, the amount of ellagic acid reached 393.0 mg/kg ( Table 3 ) [ 90 ].…”

Section: The Main Fruit Trees In Europe: Bioactive Compounds From Woo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wood from pruned walnut trees also contained other phenolic acids, such as chlorogenic, neochlorogenic, p -coumaric, protocatechuic, caffeic, vanillic, syringic, and salicylic acids [ 84 , 89 , 91 ]. Other flavonoids were also characterized, such as kaempferol, quercetin, epicatechin, and procyanidin B1 and B2 [ 89 , 91 ].…”

Section: The Main Fruit Trees In Europe: Bioactive Compounds From Woo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wood Waste from Fruit Trees: Biomolecules and Their Applications in Agri-Food Industry

et al. 2022

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In the European Union (EU), a total of 11,301,345 hectares are dedicated to the cultivation of fruit trees, mainly olive orchards, grapevines, nut trees (almond, walnut, chestnut, hazelnut, and pistachio), apple and pear trees, stone fruit trees (peach, nectarine, apricot, cherry, and plum), and citrus fruit trees (orange, clementine, satsuma, mandarin, lemon, grapefruit, and pomelo). Pruning these trees, together with plantation removal to a lesser extent, produces a huge amount of wood waste. A theoretical calculation of the wood waste in the European Union estimates approximately 2 and 25 million tons from wood plantation removal and pruning, respectively, per year. This wood waste is usually destroyed by in-field burning or crushing into the soil, which result in no direct economic benefits. However, wood from tree pruning, which is enriched in high added-value molecules, offers a wide spectrum of possibilities for its valorization. This review focuses on the contribution of wood waste to both sustainability and the circular economy, considering its use not only as biomass but also as a potential source of bioactive compounds. The main bioactive compounds found in wood are polyphenols, terpenes, polysaccharides, organic compounds, fatty acids, and alkaloids. Polyphenols are the most ubiquitous compounds in wood. Large amounts of hydroxytyrosol (up to 25 g/kg dw), resveratrol (up to 66 g/kg dw), protocatechuic acid (up to 16.4 g/kg), and proanthocyanins (8.5 g/kg dw) have been found in the wood from olive trees, grapevines, almond trees and plum trees, respectively. The bioactivity of these compounds has been demonstrated at lower concentrations, mainly in vitro studies. Bioactive compounds present antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, biostimulant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anticarcinogenic properties, among others. Therefore, wood extracts might have several applications in agriculture, medicine, and the food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetics industries. For example, olive tree wood extract reduced thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in vitro; grapevine tree wood extract acts a preservative in wine, replacing SO2; chestnut tree wood extract has antifungal properties on postharvest pathogens in vitro; and stone tree wood extracts are used for aging both wines and brandies. Moreover, the use of wood waste contributes to the move towards both a more sustainable development and a circular economy.

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Valorization of residual walnut biomass from forest management and wood processing for the production of bioactive compounds

Cited by 15 publications

References 38 publications

Testing the Antimicrobial Characteristics of Wood Materials: A Review of Methods

Testing the Antimicrobial Characteristics of Wood Materials: A Review of Methods

UHPLC-HRMS Analysis of Fagus sylvatica (Fagaceae) Leaves: A Renewable Source of Antioxidant Polyphenols

Wood Waste from Fruit Trees: Biomolecules and Their Applications in Agri-Food Industry

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