Valorization of biomass waste to engineered activated biochar by microwave pyrolysis: Progress, challenges, and future directions

Foong, Shin Ying; Liew, Rock Keey; Yang, Yafeng; Cheng, Yoke Wang; Yek, Peter Nai Yuh; Mahari, Wan Adibah Wan; Lee, Xie Yi; Han, Chai Sean; Vo, Dai‐Viet N.; Le, Quyet Van; Aghbashlo, Mortaza; Tabatabaei, Meisam; Sonne, Christian; Peng, Wanxi; Lam, Su Shiung

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.124401

Cited by 559 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 274 publications

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“…Another greener possibility is to use solar pyrolysis by using concentrated solar energy as the heating source. However, none of them have been explored using avocado waste and some challenges have to be overcome, such as those about the design and scaling-up [58].…”

Section: Biofuels Through Thermochemical Methods: Gasification Pyrolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avocado-Derived Biomass as a Source of Bioenergy and Bioproducts

2020

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The avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is a tree native to Mexico and Guatemala. Avocado consumption, fresh or in the form of processed products, is growing everywhere and it has caused a large number of countries to invest heavily in avocado production. The industrialization of avocado gives as a result a huge amount of waste, not only the peel and stone but also that waste generated by the pruning practices and oil extraction. These biomasses could be converted into raw materials to obtain different types of co-products, but this implies changes in the use of these resources, the design of efficient production systems, and integration to take full advantage of them, e.g., by developing biorefinery models. Therefore, this review firstly gives a snapshot of those residues generated in the avocado industry and provides their chemical composition. Secondly, this review presents updated information about the valorization ways of avocado-derived biomass to obtain bioenergy, biofuels, and other marketable products (starch, protein, phenolic compounds, and biosorbents, among others) using a single process or integrated processes within a biorefinery context. Green technologies to obtain these products are also covered, e.g., based on the application of microwaves, ultrasound, supercritical fluids, etc. As a conclusion, there is a variety of ways to valorize avocado waste in single processes, but it would be promising to develop biorefinery schemes. This would enable the avocado sector to move towards the zero-waste principle.

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Section: Biofuels Through Thermochemical Methods: Gasification Pyrolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avocado-Derived Biomass as a Source of Bioenergy and Bioproducts

2020

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“…The fast pyrolysis is usually conducted in a temperature range of 450-850 °C with short vapour residence time of 0.5-10 s and a high heating rate of 10-200 °C/s. Unlike the fast pyrolysis, the slow pyrolysis requires slow heating rate of 10-200 °C/s, and a longer vapour residence time of up to 550 s. The flash pyrolysis is carried out at extremely high heating rates that are greater than 1000 °C/s and short vapour residence time that is less than 0.5 s ( Foong et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Proposed Decision Support Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Let us estimate triangular fuzzy priorities

as:

where

, and

. To ensure results are consistent, Consistency Ratio (CR) of each matrix and overall inconsistency of hierarchy are obtained using following equation:

where

is the Consistency Index which is computed as follows:

represents Perron root or principle eigenvalue of matrix

( Foong et al, 2020 ).

is the Random Index whose values for various sizes of matrices are provided in ( Saaty, 1996 ).…”

Section: Proposed Decision Support Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy trilemma based prioritization of waste-to-energy technologies: Implications for post-COVID-19 green economic recovery in Pakistan

Shah

Cheng

Solangi

et al. 2021

Journal of Cleaner Production

102

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As lockdown eases, economic activities resume in Pakistan. If the country continues to follow business-as-usual (BAU) then it is anticipated that carbon output could surge past pre-COVID-19 levels – that means more disasters in future. Thus, it is an unprecedented opportunity to shift from BAU and achieve carbon-neutral and nature-positive economic recovery – green economic recovery (GER). To fuel the GER, access to modern, equitable, affordable and sustainable energy is paramount. This study explores waste-to-energy (WtE) as an alternative green fuel for GER. Seven WtE technologies are prioritized based on the concept of energy trilemma – energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability. For the evaluation, an energy trilemma based decision support framework is developed using most prominent multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods. The fuzzy set theory is integrated with MCDM methods to minimize uncertainty in results. Sixteen experts are engaged to score each WtE technology with respect to every energy trilemma dimension and sub-dimension. Gasification technology is found to be the most feasible option for WtE generation in Pakistan whereas Torrefaction technology is least favorable. It is concluded that the need to shift towards sustainable energy is more than ever to limit the carbon emission and prevent future crisis.

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“…During the primary reaction, devolatilization process including the dehydration, decarboxylation, and dehydrogenation occurs. Then upon the completion of primary decomposition, the secondary reaction (at high temperature) that refers to cracking of heavy organic compounds as well as repolymerization ensues, producing a stable and carbondense solid product (i.e., biochar) and non-condensable syngas such as methylene (CH 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) [45][46][47][48].…”

Section: Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mini Review of Biochar Synthesis, Characterization, and Related Standardization and Legislation

Rashidi¹,

Yusup²

2020

Applications of Biochar for Environmental Safety

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The abundance of biomass in Malaysia creates an avenue for growth of bio-economic sector through the research and development (R&D) activities on the biochar production. Biochar that is described as a carbonaceous material derived from the thermochemical process at temperature of usually lower than 700°C is promising due to its applicability in wider range of applications, such as in soil amendment (fertilizer) and as a low-cost adsorbent for the pollution remediation, apart from minimizing the solid waste disposal problems. Therefore, this chapter discusses the current trends on various production techniques of biochar from both the lignocellulosic (plantation based waste materials) and non-lignocellulosic sources, as well as the physiochemical characteristics of the resulting biochar. In addition, overview of the biochar industry in Malaysia is presented in this chapter. Lastly, recap of standardization and legislation particularly related to the biochar utilization as a soil amendment agent is included to grasp readers' attention prior to the large scale applications.

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Valorization of biomass waste to engineered activated biochar by microwave pyrolysis: Progress, challenges, and future directions

Cited by 559 publications

References 274 publications

Avocado-Derived Biomass as a Source of Bioenergy and Bioproducts

Avocado-Derived Biomass as a Source of Bioenergy and Bioproducts

Energy trilemma based prioritization of waste-to-energy technologies: Implications for post-COVID-19 green economic recovery in Pakistan

A Mini Review of Biochar Synthesis, Characterization, and Related Standardization and Legislation

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