Validity of ‘post‐traumatic stress disorder with secondary psychotic features’: a review of the evidence

Braakman, Mario H.; Kortmann, Frank; Brink, Wim van den

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01252.x

Cited by 116 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…Although MDD is signifi cantly associated with the Met allele of BDNF in male subjects (Verhagen et al 2010), our results showed no signifi cant association between the BDNF polymorphism and MDD in veterans with PTSD, compared to veterans with PTSD without any comorbidity. These data are in line with the evidence that particular peripheral markers, such as concentrations of plasma cortisol, cerebrospinal fl uid corticotrophin releasing hormone, platelet serotonin, and activity of platelet monoamine oxidase and plasma dopamine beta hydroxylase, are higher in psychotic compared to non-psychotic PTSD (Sautter et al 2003;Hamner et al 2004;Pivac et al 2006Pivac et al , 2007Braakman et al 2008Braakman et al , 2009Shevlin et al 2010). We might speculate that early intervention for this more severe subtype of PTSD, complicated with psychotic features, would be treatment with atypical antypsychotics as monotherapy, or as add-on therapy with antidepressants.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Psychotic symptoms, such as auditory and visual hallucinations, delusional thinking, paranoia and violent thoughts, are often present in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Sautter et al 2003;Pivac et al 2004;Kozaric-Kovacic and Pivac 2007;Braakman et al 2008Braakman et al , 2009Shevlin et al 2010). PTSD with secondary psychotic features occurs in 30 -40% of patients with combat-related PTSD (Hamner et al 2004;Kozaric-Kovacic and Borovecki 2005), has a complex clinical presentation and is often misdiagnosed and undertreated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The association between brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met variants and psychotic symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder

Pivac¹,

Kozarić‐Kovačić²,

Grubišić-Ilić³

et al. 2011

The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry

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Objectives. Psychotic symptoms frequently occur in veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a major role in neurodevelopment, neuro-regeneration, neurotransmission, learning, regulation of mood and stress responses. The Met allele of the functional polymorphism, BDNF Val66Met, is associated with psychotic disorders. This study intended to assess whether the Met allele is overrepresented in unrelated Caucasian male veterans with psychotic PTSD compared to veteran controls. Methods. The BDNF Val66Met variants were genotyped in 576 veterans: 206 veterans without PTSD and 370 veterans with PTSD subdivided into groups with or without psychotic features. Results. Veterans with psychotic PTSD were more frequently carriers of one or two Met alleles of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism than veterans with PTSD without psychotic features and veterans without PTSD. Conclusions. The study shows that veterans with psychotic PTSD carried more Met alleles of the BDNF Val66Met than non-psychotic veterans with PTSD or veterans without PTSD. The results might add further support to the hypothesis that psychotic PTSD is a more severe subtype of PTSD.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met variants and psychotic symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder

Pivac¹,

Kozarić‐Kovačić²,

Grubišić-Ilić³

et al. 2011

The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry

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“…For instance, dataset 4 / network 4 which stand out somewhat from the others was estimated in a population of refugees with 30% prevalence of persistent psychotic symptoms. While psychotic symptoms are not uncommon in individuals with PTSD, they might constitute a special PTSD-subtype (Braakman, Kortmann, & van den Brink, 2009). Unfortunately, the etiology of PTSD with psychotic symptoms is still poorly understood, and some lines of inquiry indicate that comorbid depression with psychotic symptoms might be responsible for this co-occurrence (Gaudiano & Zimmerman, 2010).…”

Section: Strengths and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replicability and generalizability of PTSD networks: A cross-cultural multisite study of PTSD symptoms in four trauma patient samples

Fried¹

2017

Preprint

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The growing literature conceptualizing mental disorders like Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as networks of interacting symptoms faces three key challenges. Prior studies predominantly used (a) small samples with low power for precise network estimation, (b) non-clinical samples, and (c) single samples. This renders network structures in clinical data, and the extent to which networks replicate across datasets, unknown. To overcome these limitations, the present cross-cultural multisite study estimated regularized partial correlation networks of 16 PTSD symptoms across four datasets of traumatized patients receiving treatment for PTSD (total N=2,782), and compared resulting networks.Despite differences in culture, trauma-type and severity of the samples, considerable similarities emerged, with moderate to high correlations between symptom profiles (0.43 to 0.82), network structures (0.62 to 0.74), and centrality estimates (0.63 to 0.75). We discuss the importance of future replicability efforts to improve clinical psychological science, and provide code, model output, and correlation matrices to make the results of this paper fully reproducible.

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“…Such a proposition is contradicted by the finding that PTSD-AVH are phenomenologically distinct from auditory flashbacks where the person acts or feels as if the traumatic event is actually recurring (Butler et al, 1996). Furthermore, PTSD-AVH are not confined to episodes of re-experiencing, but remain present continuously as in SZ-AVH (Braakman et al, 2009).…”

Section: The Phenomenology Of Avh In Ptsd and Schizophrenia Argumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decreased integrity of the fronto-temporal fibers of the left inferior occipito-frontal fasciculus associated with auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia

Oestreich

McCarthy-Jones

Whitford

2015

Brain Imaging and Behavior

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Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH: 'hearing voices') are found in both schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this paper we first demonstrate that AVH in these two diagnoses share a qualitatively similar phenomenology. We then show that the presence of AVH in schizophrenia is often associated with earlier exposure to traumatic/emotionally overwhelming events, as it is by definition in PTSD. We next argue that the content of AVH relates to earlier traumatic events in a similar way in both PTSD and schizophrenia, most commonly having direct or indirect thematic links to emotionally overwhelming events, rather than being direct re-experiencing. We then propose, following cognitive models of PTSD, that the reconstructive nature of memory may be able to account for the nature of these associations between trauma and AVH content, as may threat-hypervigilance and the individual's personal goals. We conclude that a notable subset of people diagnosed with schizophrenia with AVH are having phenomenologically and aetiologically identical experiences to PTSD patients who hear voices. As such we propose that the iron curtain between AVH in PTSD (often termed 'dissociative AVH') and AVH in schizophrenia (so-called 'psychotic AVH') needs to be torn down, as these are often the same experience. One implication of this is that these trauma-related AVH require a common trans-diagnostic treatment strategy. Whilst antipsychotics are already increasingly being used to treat AVH in PTSD, we argue for the centrality of trauma-based interventions for trauma-based AVH in both PTSD and in people diagnosed with schizophrenia.

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Validity of ‘post‐traumatic stress disorder with secondary psychotic features’: a review of the evidence

Abstract: There is currently not yet full support for PTSD-SP as a nosological entity. However, the delineation of PTSD-SP from other psychiatric syndromes is notable and biological studies seem to support the validity as a separate diagnostic entity.

Cited by 116 publications

References 44 publications

The association between brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met variants and psychotic symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder

The association between brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met variants and psychotic symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder

Replicability and generalizability of PTSD networks: A cross-cultural multisite study of PTSD symptoms in four trauma patient samples

Decreased integrity of the fronto-temporal fibers of the left inferior occipito-frontal fasciculus associated with auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia

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