Validity of new biomarkers of internal dose for use in the biological monitoring of occupational and environmental exposure to low concentrations of benzene and toluene

Lovreglio, Piero; Barbieri, Anna; Carrieri, Mariella; Fracasso, Maria Enrica; Doria, Denise; Drago, Ignazio; Basso, Antonella; D’Errico, M.; Bartolucci, Giovanni Battista; Violante, Francesco Saverio; Soleo, Leonardo

doi:10.1007/s00420-009-0469-7

Cited by 70 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 66 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…BEN-A levels were similar to those measured in petrol station attendants from Milan in the year 2000 (Fustinoni et al, 2005), but were more than twice than those reported in other Italian cities in the same year (Ghittori et al., 2010;De Palma et al, 2012). Higher values are likely because of the higher volume of fuel dispensed in the area of Milan (>850 000 tons of petrol in 2007), relative to the smaller Italian cities investigated (<200 000 tons in 2007) (Ministero Sviluppo Economico, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…The difference is due to the use, in the present study, of a specific and sensitive method based on LC-MS-MS, while the previous study utilized an immunoassay kit. Other studies provide supporting evidence for this conclusion (Lovreglio et al 2010;De Palma et al, 2012), and also support the need for ongoing development of new methods for this analysis (Fustinoni et al, 2010b(Fustinoni et al, , 2011.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Exposure to BTEX and Ethers in Petrol Station Attendants and Proposal of Biological Exposure Equivalents for Urinary Benzene and MTBE

Campo

Rossella

Mercadante

et al. 2015

ANNHYG

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: To assess exposure to benzene (BEN) and other aromatic compounds (toluene, ethylbenzene, m+p-xylene, o-xylene) (BTEX), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) in petrol station workers using air sampling and biological monitoring and to propose biological equivalents to occupational limit values. Methods: Eighty-nine petrol station workers and 90 control subjects were investigated. Personal exposure to airborne BTEX and ethers was assessed during a mid-week shift; urine samples were collected at the beginning of the work week, prior to and at the end of air sampling. Results: Petrol station workers had median airborne exposures to benzene and MTBE of 59 and 408 µg m −3 , respectively, with urinary benzene (BEN-U) and MTBE (MTBE-U) of 339 and 780 ng l −1 , respectively. Concentrations in petrol station workers were higher than in control subjects. There were significant positive correlations between airborne exposure and the corresponding biological marker, with Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) values of 0.437 and 0.865 for benzene and MTBE, respectively. There was also a strong correlation between airborne benzene and urinary MTBE (r = 0.835). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the urinary levels of benzene were influenced by personal airborne exposure, urinary creatinine, and tobacco smoking [determination coefficient (R 2 ) 0.572], while MTBE-U was influenced only by personal exposure (R 2 = 0.741). Conclusions: BEN-U and MTBE-U are sensitive and specific biomarkers of low occupational exposures. We propose using BEN-U as biomarker of exposure to benzene in nonsmokers and suggest 1457 ng l −1 in end shift urine samples as biological exposure equivalent to the EU occupational limit value of 1 p.p.m.; for both smokers and nonsmokers, MTBE-U may be proposed as a surrogate biomarker of benzene exposure, with a biological exposure equivalent of 22 µg l −1 in end shift samples. For MTBE exposure, we suggest the use of MTBE-U with a biological exposure equivalent of 22 µg l −1 corresponding to the occupational limit value of 50 p.p.m.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Exposure to BTEX and Ethers in Petrol Station Attendants and Proposal of Biological Exposure Equivalents for Urinary Benzene and MTBE

Campo

Rossella

Mercadante

et al. 2015

ANNHYG

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Biomarker sebagai indikator biokimia dapat diaplikasikan untuk melihat kerusakan lingkungan dengan mengukur paparan polusi pada manusia (Roosmini et al, 2006) Biomarker yang dapat digunakan untuk monitoring biologi paparan benzene antara lain t,t-muconic acid, S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA), dan fenol (Lovreglio, 2010). Menurut Hoet (2009), SPMA dan urinary benzene memiliki akurasi yang sama.…”

Section: Metodologiunclassified

Analisis Paparan BTX Terhadap Pekerja Di Pt. Pertamina Ru Iv Cilacap

Indrawan

Oginawati

2014

j.tl

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although phenol and its conjugates are the more abundant biotransformation products for benzene, these compounds are not suitable as specific biomarkers for benzene as they can also be the metabolic products of other common chemicals. As with BMA from its parent toluene, PMA is the preferred metabolite for use as biomarker for benzene exposure (Lovreglio et al 2010;Melikian et al 1999) and is the target for the current study.The compound 2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethanol (also known as diethylene glycol monomethyl ether [DiEGME] and under the trade name of methyl carbitol, CAS 111-77-3) is another component of JP-8. It is unique in being an additive in the formulation of JP-8 for the military and is at a consistent concentration of 0.1% (v/v) for every batch of the fuel as previously described.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation and Comparison of Urinary Metabolic Biomarkers of Exposure for the Jet Fuel JP-8

B’Hymer

Krieg²,

Cheever³

et al. 2012

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A study of workers exposed to jet fuel propellant 8 (JP-8) was conducted at U.S. Air Force bases and included the evaluation of three biomarkers of exposure: S-benzylmercapturic acid (BMA), Sphenylmercapturic acid (PMA), and (2-methoxyethoxy)acetic acid (MEAA). Postshift urine specimens were collected from various personnel categorized as high (n = 98), moderate (n = 38) and low (n = 61) JP-8 exposure based on work activities. BMA and PMA urinary levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/ MS), and MEAA urinary levels were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The numbers of samples determined as positive for the presence of the BMA biomarker (above the test method's limit of detection [LOD = 0.5 ng/ml]) were 96 (98.0%), 37 (97.4%), and 58 (95.1%) for the high, moderate, and low (control) exposure workgroup categories, respectively. The numbers of samples determined as positive for the presence of the PMA biomarker (LOD = 0.5 ng/ml) were 33 (33.7%), 9 (23.7%), and 12 (19.7%) for the high, moderate, and low exposure categories. The numbers of samples determined as positive for the presence of the MEAA biomarker (LOD = 0.1 μg/ml) were 92 (93.4%), 13 (34.2%), and 2 (3.3%) for the high, moderate, and low exposure categories. Statistical analysis of the mean levels of the analytes demonstrated MEAA to be the most accurate or appropriate biomarker for JP-8 exposure using urinary concentrations either adjusted or not adjusted for creatinine; mean levels of BMA and PMA were not statistically significant between workgroup categories after adjusting for creatinine.Biomarkers of exposure are important tools for use in exposure assessment and toxicological research. As the term implies, biomarkers of exposure are those related to exposure and the internal levels of some agent or chemical. A well-chosen biomarker of exposure should have several qualities. Primarily, the biomarker should be specific for the exposure of interest; some metabolites are common to multiple parent chemical substances and therefore may not be suitably specific biomarkers. Second, the biomarker needs to be associated with the et al. 2003). The fuel is formulated to meet military performance specifications, and therefore, the overall chemical composition varies from batch to batch with the exception of an anti-icing component (NRC 2003). With the many constituent chemicals present at varying concentrations, the best or most accurate biomarker for JP-8 exposure has not been extensively addressed in the literature, and this was the main objective of the current study. Three potential biomarkers of JP-8 exposure were compared since a previous study had investigated only one of these potential biomarkers (B'Hymer et al. 2012). HHS Public AccessThe specifications for JP-8 include a maximum olefin content of 5%, a maximum aromatic content of 22%, and a maximum sulfur content of 0.3%. On average, the composition is approximately 33-61% alkanes, 10-45% cycloalkanes, 12-22%...

show abstract

Validity of new biomarkers of internal dose for use in the biological monitoring of occupational and environmental exposure to low concentrations of benzene and toluene

Cited by 70 publications

References 66 publications

Exposure to BTEX and Ethers in Petrol Station Attendants and Proposal of Biological Exposure Equivalents for Urinary Benzene and MTBE

Exposure to BTEX and Ethers in Petrol Station Attendants and Proposal of Biological Exposure Equivalents for Urinary Benzene and MTBE

Analisis Paparan BTX Terhadap Pekerja Di Pt. Pertamina Ru Iv Cilacap

Evaluation and Comparison of Urinary Metabolic Biomarkers of Exposure for the Jet Fuel JP-8

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About