Validity of a simple footprint assessment board for diagnosing the severity of flatfoot: a prospective cohort study

Toyooka, Seikai; Shimazaki, Naoya; Yasui, Youichi; Ando, Shuji; Saho, Yasuaki; Nakagawa, Takumi; Kawano, Hirotaka; Miyamoto, Wataru

doi:10.1186/s12891-021-04154-3

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…Footprints have been widely used in the diagnosis of flatfoot and could draw a consistent conclusion with that by using radiological data, which is an effective method to measure the degree of arch collapse and diagnose flatfoot ( 11 , 12 ). Static footprints were obtained by having each patient stand on a foot printer (Mingscan Footprinter, Vers Tech Science Co. Ltd., Taiwan) in a relaxed bipedal stance with their toes pointed forward.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Strong Correlation Between the Severity of Flatfoot and Symptoms of Knee Osteoarthritis in 95 Patients

Zhang

Nie

et al. 2022

Front. Surg.

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ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to assess the association between the presence and severity of flatfoot and symptoms of knee OA.Methods95 participants with knee OA were recruited from a patient cohort at a regional hospital. Symptoms of knee OA, including knee degeneration, femorotibial alignment, pain, stiffness and dysfunction were assessed using the Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grading system, femoral-tibial angle (FTA), and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Participants were divided into groups with flatfoot (mild, moderate and severe) and without flatfoot based on the Clarke's angle. Linear regression and ordinal logistic regression were used for statistical analysis, as appropriate.ResultsHaving flatfoot was associated with a significantly increased risk of having a higher K-L grade (OR: 20.03; 95% CI, 5.88, 68.27; p < 0.001), smaller FTA (Beta: −2.96; 95% CI, −4.41, −1.50; p < 0.001), higher pain score (Beta: 0.47; 95% CI, 0.24, 0.69; p < 0.001) and greater loss of function (Beta: 0.25; 95% CI, 0.02, 0.48; p = 0.03). Severe grades of flat feet were associated with a higher K-L grade (OR: 0.19; 95% CI, 0.08, 0.44; p < 0.001), smaller FTA (Beta: 1.51; 95% CI, 0.66, 2.35; p = 0.001), higher pain score (Beta: −0.25; 95% CI, −0.39, −0.11; p = 0.001), greater stiffness (Beta: −0.24; 95% CI, −0.38, −0.09; p = 0.002) and greater loss of function (Beta: −0.27; 95% CI, −0.41, −0.14; p < 0.001).ConclusionThe results indicated that the severity of flattening is significantly associated with symptoms of knee OA. For the conservative management of knee OA, both flatfoot and its severity should be carefully considered.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Strong Correlation Between the Severity of Flatfoot and Symptoms of Knee Osteoarthritis in 95 Patients

Zhang

Nie

et al. 2022

Front. Surg.

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“…Footprint analysis is a diagnostic technique that involves examining a person's foot imprints and taking precise measurements of various dimensions. A mathematical formula is applied to derive a ratio, aiding in the categorization of the foot arch and diagnosing conditions like flatfoot by identifying deviations from the norm (13). The prevalence of flatfoot in children is influenced by several factors, including age, gender, BMI, demographics, shoe type, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, and daily activities (14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Flatfoot in School-Going Children, Lahore

Ateeque,

Shabbir,

Nadeem

et al. 2024

JHRR

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Background: Flatfoot is characterized by a reduced medial longitudinal arch height and can be flexible or fixed, congenital, or acquired. It can influence physical activity and mood in children, and its prevalence varies widely among different populations. Objective: To determine the prevalence of flatfoot among school-going children aged 7-15 years in Lahore, Pakistan, and to assess its distribution across different age groups and genders. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over six months at Dar-e-Arqam School, Westwood campus, Lahore. The sample size of 106 was calculated using the formula { n = Z^2 P(1-P) / d^2 } with a 16% expected prevalence, 7% precision, and Z value of 1.96. Non-probability sampling was used. Inclusion criteria were children aged 7-15 years of both genders, excluding those with fractures, congenital deformities, or a history of ankle sprain. Footprints were obtained using ink-impregnated pads, and the Chippaux-Smirak index (CSI) was used to diagnose and grade flatfoot. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, with descriptive statistics presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: The prevalence of flatfoot among the children was 40.6%, with 4 cases of unilateral flatfoot (3.8%) and 39 cases of bilateral flatfoot (36.7%). Normal arches were found in 62 children (58.5%), and 1 child (0.9%) had a high arch. Among those with flatfoot, 17 had grade 1 flatfoot (16.0%), 12 had grade 2 flatfoot (11.3%), and 14 had grade 3 flatfoot (13.2%). The highest prevalence of flatfoot was observed in the 7-9 years age group (23 cases), while the 13-15 years group had the highest number of normal arches (29 cases). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of flatfoot between genders. Conclusion: Flatfoot is relatively common among children in Lahore, with a prevalence of 40.6%. The condition's prevalence decreases with age, and no significant gender differences were observed. Further research should include a larger sample size, random sampling, and assessment of symptomatic aspects to enhance understanding.

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“…Footprint analysis is a simple, cost-effective, and readily available method and has been recommended as a screening tool for flatfoot [ 6 , 15 ]. Only three evaluations of flatfoot have any published data to support validity and reliability of the measuement: the Chippaux–Smirak index (CSI), Staheli index (SI) and the FPI-6 [ 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of skeletal characteristics of flat feet using three-dimensional foot scanner and digital footprint

Yamashita

Sato

et al. 2022

BioMed Eng OnLine

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Background Flat feet increase the risk of knee osteoarthritis and contribute to frailty, which may lead to worse life prognoses. The influence of the foot skeletal structure on flat feet is not yet entirely understood. Footprints are often used to evaluate feet. However, footprint-based measurements do not reflect the underlying structures of feet and are easily confounded by soft tissue. Three-dimensional evaluation of the foot shape can reveal the characteristics of flat feet. Therefore, foot shape evaluations have garnered increasing research interest. This study aimed to determine the correlation between the three-dimensional (3D) features of the foot and the measurement results of footprint and to predict the evaluation results of flat feet from the footprint based on the 3D features. Finally, the three-dimensional characteristics of flat feet, which cannot be revealed by footprint, were determined. Methods A total of 403 individuals (40–89 years) participated in this study. The proposed system was developed to identify seven skeletal features that were expected to be associated with flat feet. The loads on the soles of the feet were measured in a static standing position and with a digital footprint device. Specifically, two footprint indices were calculated: the Chippaux–Smirak index (CSI) and the Staheli index (SI). In the analysis, comparisons between male and female measurement variables were performed using the Student’s t test. The relationships between the 3D foot features and footprint index parameters were determined by employing the Pearson correlation coefficient. Multiple linear regression was utilized to identify 3D foot features that were strongly associated with the CSI and SI. Foot features identified as significant in the multivariate regression analysis were compared based on a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s post hoc test. Results The CSI and SI were highly correlated with the instep height (IH) and navicular height (NH) of the 3D foot scanning system and were also derived from multiple regression analysis. In addition to the NH and IH, the indicators of the forefoot, transverse arch width, and transverse arch height were considered. In the flat foot group with CSI values above 62.7%, NH was 13.5% (p < 0.001) for males and 14.9% (p = 0.01) for females, and the axis of the bone distance was 5.3% (p = 0.05) for males and 4.9% (p = 0.10) for females. In particular, for CSI values above 62.7% and NH values below 13%, the axis of the bone distance was large and the foot skeleton was deformed. Conclusions Decreased navicular bone height could be evaluated with the 3D foot scanning system even when flat feet were not detected from the footprint. The results indicate that the use of quantitative indices for 3D foot measurements is important when evaluating the flattening of the foot. Trial registration number UMIN000037694. Name of the registry: University Hospital Medical Information Network Registry. Date of registration: August 15, 2019.

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Validity of a simple footprint assessment board for diagnosing the severity of flatfoot: a prospective cohort study

Cited by 3 publications

References 35 publications

A Strong Correlation Between the Severity of Flatfoot and Symptoms of Knee Osteoarthritis in 95 Patients

A Strong Correlation Between the Severity of Flatfoot and Symptoms of Knee Osteoarthritis in 95 Patients

Prevalence of Flatfoot in School-Going Children, Lahore

Analysis of skeletal characteristics of flat feet using three-dimensional foot scanner and digital footprint

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