Validity evidence for the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence short form (PSPWC-4)

Barnett, Lisa M.; Abbott, Gavin; Lander, Natalie; Jidovtseff, Boris; Ridgers, Nicola D.

doi:10.1080/02640414.2023.2165008

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The fact that our tools for measuring PWC and AWC were perfectly aligned and that we focused on the specific motor competencies of water competence may explain our stronger level of correlation between our measures of perceived and actual competence. Interestingly, one recent Australian research team, using the PSPWC-4, a short and modified version of the PSPWC tool, also obtained a high level of correlation (r = 0.71) between PWC and AWC, although their tools for assessing perceived and actual water competence were not fully aligned (Barnett, et al, 2022a). Further studies are needed to confirm these results, but it seems that correlations are higher for specific versus general motor competencies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Evaluation of the Reliability of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence and Its Relationship With Actual Water Competence

Jidovtseff,

Morgado,

Sääkslahti

et al. 2024

Percept Mot Skills

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In its recent development, the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence (PSPWC) showed good face and construct validity. However, additional reliability and validity research is needed, including test-retest reliability and a demonstration of the relationship between PSPWEC test scores and actual water competence. Toward that aim, we administered the PSPWC to 124 children, aged 5–8 years. We repeated this test administration after one week for a subset of 55 children to determine its test-retest reliability, and the remaining 69 children also performed the fully aligned Actual Aquatic Skills Test (AAST) in an indoor swimming pool to provide data for our investigation of the relationship between PSPWC scores and actual water competence. We found good test-retest reliability, both at the global level (ICC = 0.81, n = 55) and at the level of individual skills (Weighted kappa coefficients from 0.58 to 0.90), with no significant differences between these two test scores. We also found a moderate positive relationship between PSPWC and AAST total scores ( r = .64, n = 69), with no significant difference between total scores of actual and perceived water competencies. Children overestimated their competence in three specific skills: the back star, swimming on the front, and diving in deep water. While these results underline specific situations in which children’s higher self-perceptions of their water competence are a risk factor for their water safety, these data confirm that the PSPWC is reliable for measuring children’s perceived competencies in aquatic education and drowning prevention, and there is further support for its validity through a moderate correlation with actual water competencies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Evaluation of the Reliability of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence and Its Relationship With Actual Water Competence

Jidovtseff,

Morgado,

Sääkslahti

et al. 2024

Percept Mot Skills

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“…Another potential limitation is the time taken for assessment of all situations. An adaptation of this instrument (the PSPWC-short form) has since been developed and tested in over 100 Australian children using only four of the seventeen situations [54]. The results of this study, currently being published, are encouraging: moderate positive correlations were found between actual swim level and perception of: retrieving an object in deep water (rho = 0.57), swimming on front (rho = 0.60), swimming on back (rho = 0.69), and treading water (rho = 0.63), and also, the summed score of all four (rho = 0.71).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Face and Content Validity of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence in Young Children

et al. 2022

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An international group of experts have developed a pictorial tool to measure perceived water competence for children aged from 5 to 8 years old: the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence (PSPWC). The aim of the present study was to verify the validity of this tool. In the first part of the study, 120 children were interviewed to investigate face validity of the PSPWC to ensure that all pictorial items were understandable. In the second part of the study, 13 scientific and/or pedagogical international experts were invited to assess the tool’s content validity via an online survey. Face validity results revealed that children were able to understand and sequence correctly the aquatic situations in 92% of the cases. The average Content Validity Index (CVI) of the PSPWC ranged from 0.88 to 0.95, showing acceptable content validity. Feedback from experts and children resulted in a major improvement of the “exit water” situation and minor improvements concerning some other items. Experts confirmed that the PSPWC was globally appropriate for different countries and cultures, except for the situation “water entry by slide” which was not considered usual practice in some countries. The PSPWC opens up to new fields of research; useful both for the prevention of drowning and for the support of children’s aquatic education.

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“…These improvements in personal well-being range from the establishment of positive social relationships (Lõhmus et al, 2022) to variables such as intrinsic motivation (Bozorbaevna, 2020;Sánchez-Oliver, Navarro-Martínez, & Simón-Piqueras, 2018), perceived competence (Barnett, Abbott, Lander, Jidovtseff, & Ridgers, 2022;De Pasquale, De Sousa Morgado, Jidovtseff, De Martelaer, & Barnett, 2021), and self-efficacy (König, Krude, & Muensterer, 2022). However, few studies have been conducted under this approach on the impact of introductory swimming programmes on enhancing self-esteem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efecto de un programa de iniciación a la natación basado en juegos motores acuáticos sobre la autoestima corporal y socio afectiva en niñas y niños de 5 y 6 años de edad

Simón-Piqueras,

Cano-Noguera,

Zamorano-García

et al. 2023

REIFOP

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This study analyzed whether the application of two swimming initiation programs managed to improve the bodily and socio-affective self-esteem of five- and six-year-old students, in addition to knowing which of the two programs was more effective in said improvement. For this, two programs were applied with a duration of three months. The programs were designed under the stage teaching approach of the Royal Spanish Swimming Federation. The first program was established in the control group (31 girls and 27 boys) and the second program in the experimental group (29 girls and 23 boys). The program of the experimental group included as a fundamental variant the application of specific aquatic motor games designed with the aim of promoting knowledge of one's own body and collaborative play. The results obtained showed that the experimental group achieved significant improvements in both self-esteem. In the control group, only body self-esteem improved. In the comparison between groups, the experimental group that included motor games to promote body awareness, and collaborative play was significantly more efficient in improving both self-esteem. On the other hand, no differences related to sex were found. Este estudio analizó si la aplicación de dos programas de iniciación a la natación conseguían mejorar la autoestima corporal y socio afectiva de alumnos de cinco y seis años, además de conocer cuál de los dos programas era más efectivo en dicha mejora. Para ello se aplicaron sendos programas con una duración de tres meses. Los programas se diseñaron bajo el planteamiento de enseñanza de etapas de la Real Federación Española de Natación. El primer programa se estableció en el grupo control (31 niñas y 27 niños) y el segundo programa en el grupo experimental (29 niñas y 23 niños). El programa del grupo experimental incluyó como variante fundamental la aplicación de juegos motores acuáticos específicos diseñados con el fin de fomentar el conocimiento del propio cuerpo y el juego colaborativo. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que en el grupo experimental se lograron mejoras significativas de ambas autoestimas. En el grupo control solo se mejoró en la autoestima corporal. En la comparación entre grupos, el grupo experimental que incluía juegos motores para fomentar el conocimiento del cuerpo, y juego colaborativo fue significativamente más eficiente para mejorar ambas autoestimas. Por otro lado, no se encontraron diferencias vinculadas con el sexo.

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Validity evidence for the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence short form (PSPWC-4)

Cited by 5 publications

References 20 publications

An Evaluation of the Reliability of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence and Its Relationship With Actual Water Competence

An Evaluation of the Reliability of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence and Its Relationship With Actual Water Competence

Face and Content Validity of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence in Young Children

Efecto de un programa de iniciación a la natación basado en juegos motores acuáticos sobre la autoestima corporal y socio afectiva en niñas y niños de 5 y 6 años de edad

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