Validity and reliability of speed tests used in soccer: A systematic review

Altmann, Stefan; Ringhof, Steffen; Neumann, Rainer; Wöll, Alexander; Rumpf, Michael C.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220982

Cited by 78 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 135 publications

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“…The height of the first photogate was 50 cm above the running surface, whereas the photogates at 10, 20, 30, and 40 m were mounted 120 cm above the running surface . A recent systematic review article states that linear‐sprint tests covering distances up to 40 m possess validity and high intraday and interday reliability evaluating linear‐sprinting skills in soccer players, with interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ranging from 0.87 to 0.99 for comparable linear‐sprint tests as in the present study …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 54%

Physical capacity, not skeletal maturity, distinguishes competitive levels in male Norwegian U14 soccer players

Grendstad

Nilsen

Rygh

et al. 2019

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Funding information IdrettsCampus BergenThe main aim of the present study was to compare skeletal maturity level and physical capacities between male Norwegian soccer players playing at elite, sub-elite and non-elite level. Secondary, we aimed to investigate the association between skeletal maturity level and physical capacities. One hundred and two U14 soccer players (12.8-14.5 years old) recruited from four local clubs, and a regional team were tested for bone age and physical capacities. Bone age was estimated with x-ray of their left hand and used to indicate maturation of the skeleton. Players went through a comprehensive test battery to assess their physical capacities. Between-groups analysis revealed no difference in chronological age, skeletal maturity level, leg strength, body weight, or stature. However, elite players were superior to sub-elite and nonelite players on important functional characteristics as intermittent-endurance capacity (running distance: 1664 m ± 367 vs 1197 m ± 338 vs 693 m ± 235) and running speed (fastest 10 m split time: 1.27 seconds ± 0.06 vs 1.33 seconds ± 0.10 vs 1.39 seconds ± 0.11), in addition to maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ), standing long jump, and upper body strength (P < .05 for all comparisons). Medium-to-large correlations were found between skeletal maturity level and peak force (r = 695, P < .01), power (r = 684, P < .01), sprint (r = −.471, P<.001), and jump performance (r = .359, P < .01), but no correlation with upper body strength, V O 2max , or intermittent-endurance capacity. These findings imply that skeletal maturity level does not bias the selection of players, although well-developed physical capacity clearly distinguishes competitive levels. The superior physical performance of the highest-ranked players seems related to an appropriate training environment. K E Y W O R D Scompetitive levels, physical capacity, skeletal maturation, talent selection, youth soccer | 255 GRENDSTAD ET Al.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 54%

Physical capacity, not skeletal maturity, distinguishes competitive levels in male Norwegian U14 soccer players

Grendstad

Nilsen

Rygh

et al. 2019

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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show abstract

“…This heterogeneity could be due to the differences between the methods used to assess these variables. All the tests used to assess physical fitness were widely used, reliable, and valid tests [ 73 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 ]. There was strong evidence of the positive effects of warming up on sports performance [ 92 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Biological Maturation, Physical Fitness, and Kinanthropometric Variables of Young Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Albaladejo-Saura

Vaquero-Cristóbal

González-Gálvez

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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There is a growing interest in knowing the relationship between biological maturation and sport performance-related variables of young athletes. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between biological maturation, physical fitness, and kinanthropometric variables of athletes during their growing period, according to their sex. The systematic review and meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement and the search protocol was registered in PROSPERO, code: CRD42020208397. A search through the PubMed, Web of Sciences, and EBSCO databases was performed. A total of 423 studies were screened and 13 were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was completed by using the mean and standard deviation of each variable according to each maturation status (early, on time, or late). Differences depending on maturation were found on physical fitness, with better results in the advanced maturational groups in the male population (standard mean difference (SMD) = 0.17–2.31; p < 0.001–0.05). Differences depending on maturation were found for kinanthropometric variables in males (SMD = 0.37–2.31; p < 0.001–0.002) and height and body mass in females (SMD = 0.96–1.19; p < 0.001). In conclusion, the early maturation group showed higher values in kinanthropometric variables and better results in physical fitness, highlighting the importance of the maturational process in the talent selection programs. Despite that, more research is needed to clarify the relationship of maturation with the other variables on female populations and the changes in the muscle and bone variables during the maturation processes of both sexes.

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“…After completion, each participant's time was recorded to the nearest 0.01s with a handheld stopwatch (Casio HS-3V-1R). Altmann and Ringhof [11] found the 20m sprint test to be highly reliable with interclass reliability coefficient of ICCs>0.75.…”

Section: -Meter Sprint Testmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of Plyometric Training on Speed and Agility among Recreational Football Players

Shamshuddin¹,

Hasan²,

Azli³

et al. 2020

saj

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Plyometrics are exercises that involved the enhancement of muscle performance. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of 6-weeks plyometric training on speed and agility performance among recreational football players. This study was conducted following the pre-post test model of quasi-experimental method. Twenty-two recreational football players were chosen for this study (aged between 19 to 26 years old) and randomly assigned into control (N=11) and intervention group (N=11) for six weeks. Subjects in the control group did not undergo any plyometric training. In contrast, the intervention group performed plyometric training for six weeks. All subjects participated in two tests; 1) Sprint test of 20 m distance for speed performance and; 2) Agility test using Agility T-test for agility performance before (pre) and after (post) training. For the intervention group, significant improvement in the difference of sprint time before and after six weeks of training were discovered (t = 3.76, p = 0.001) when compared to the control group. The agility performance of the intervention group also showed a significant difference when compared to the control group (t = 2.53, p = 0.01). Therefore, this will help players to improve their performance during a football match and prevent injury among recreational football players.

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Validity and reliability of speed tests used in soccer: A systematic review

Cited by 78 publications

References 135 publications

Physical capacity, not skeletal maturity, distinguishes competitive levels in male Norwegian U14 soccer players

Physical capacity, not skeletal maturity, distinguishes competitive levels in male Norwegian U14 soccer players

Relationship between Biological Maturation, Physical Fitness, and Kinanthropometric Variables of Young Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Effects of Plyometric Training on Speed and Agility among Recreational Football Players

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