Validity and Reliability of Craniofacial Anthropometric Measurement of 3D Digital Photogrammetric Images

Wong, Julielynn Y.; Oh, Albert K.; Ohta, Eiichi; Hunt, Anne T; Rogers, Gary F.; Mulliken, John B.; Deutsch, Curtis K.

doi:10.1597/06-175

Cited by 311 publications

(313 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Furthermore, analogic data have become digital, opening the possibility for quick, precise, and non-radioactive image captures, which can be simultaneously stored for future analysis as well as shared with patients and colleagues 1,2,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10] . Among the newer methods for facial analysis, the stereophotogrammetry technique has shown excellent results given its use of a group of fast cameras that photograph subjects from multiple angles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Facial anthropometric analysis of a healthy group of young Brazilian adults by means of stereophotogrammetry technique

Júnior

Magri

Melchior

et al. 2016

Rev. odontol. UNESP

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ResumoIntrodução: Antropometria é a ciência responsável por medir o peso, tamanho e proporções do corpo humano, fornecendo informações objetivas e confiáveis para caracterizar variações e dismorfismos fenotípicos. Entre os novos métodos de análise facial, a técnica da estereofotogrametria tem mostrado excelentes resultados devido o uso de um grupo de câmeras capazes de fotografar sujeitos em múltiplos ângulos. Objetivo: Os objetivos deste estudo foram: (1) analisar o perfil facial de um grupo de jovens adultos saudáveis brasileiros, entre 18 e 30 anos, (2) definir valores comuns entre os sujeitos, (3) criar uma base de dados de medidas faciais de uma porção desta população jovem adulta de brasileiros para ser utilizada em trabalhos futuros, e (4) testar a precisão e repetibilidade do equipamento Vectra M3  . Material e método: Sessenta jovens adultos brasileiros participaram deste estudo, 30 homens e 30 mulheres. Pontos de referência craniométricos temporários foram realizados em tecido mole, e estes sujeitos foram fotografados pela técnica da estereofotogrametria. Trinta pontos de referência foram usados para realizar as medições (em mm) de 35 distâncias. A repetibilidade do equipamento foi testada em 20% da amostra (12 sujeitos). Resultado: Os valores entre a primeira e a segunda aquisição foram estatisticamente (p<0,05) similares para todas as 35 distancias analisadas. Os achados possibilitaram a criação de um banco de dados confiável contendo distâncias de uma porção da população jovem adulta saudável brasileira. Além disso, as distâncias Tr-N, N-Sn, Ls-Sto, Sto-Li, En[r]-En[l] e Prn-Sn não foram estatisticamente diferentes entre o grupo de homens (GM) e o grupo de mulheres (GW), enquanto as outras 29 distâncias foram significativamente maiores em GM. Conclusão: A técnica e os métodos empregados neste estudo possibilitaram análise objetiva do perfil facial de um grupo de jovens adultos saudáveis brasileiros, e o equipamento Vectra M3  mostrou alto nível de precisão e reprodutibilidade.Descritores: Estereofotogrametria; antropometria; face; população brasileira. AbstractIntroduction: Anthropometry is the science responsible for measuring the weight, size, and proportions of the human body, providing valuable and objective insights into how to characterize phenotypic variation and dysmorphology. Among the newer methods for facial analysis, the stereophotogrammetry technique has shown excellent results given its use of a group of fast cameras that photograph subjects from multiple angles. Objective: The aims of the present study were: (1) to analyze the facial profile of a group of healthy young Brazilian adults, between 18 and 30 years of age, (2) to define common facial values among the subjects, (3) to create a database of facial measurements of a portion of this young healthy Brazilian population to be used in future works, and (4) to test the precision and repeatability of the Vectra M3  equipment. Material and method: Sixty healthy young Brazilian adults participated in the study, 30 males and 30 femal...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, there is no modification in the soft tissue position because there is no need for direct contact with the subject during the image capturing. This way, distortions and measurement errors secondary to soft tissue manipulation can be avoided, making this a reliable, non-invasive technique 2,7,[11][12][13] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial anthropometric analysis of a healthy group of young Brazilian adults by means of stereophotogrammetry technique

Júnior

Magri

Melchior

et al. 2016

Rev. odontol. UNESP

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“…The data previously analog have gone digital, and opened up the possibility of fast acquisition, accurate and without radiation, with its information while being archived for future analyzes, moreover can be shared easily with patients and other professionals 2,5,[9][10][11] . Stereophotogrammetry is a conservative method for individuals submitted to imaging, not to issue any type of radiation 12 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is no need for contact with the facial surface, thus prevents changes in soft tissues, which could cause errors in direct measurement 2,7 .…”

Section: Go-gn (D) Go-t (D) Sum Go-gn (E) Go-t (E) Summentioning

confidence: 99%

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3D stereophotogrammetry facial analysis of Angle I subjects: gender comparison

Silva

Magri

Júnior

et al. 2015

Rev. odontol. UNESP

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Objective The aim of this study was to establish reference parameters for facial analysis in subjects with Angle’s Class I occlusion by means of stereophotogrammetry, comparing men and women. Material and method Twenty-six healthy young adults with Angle’s Class I occlusion volunteered to participate in the study, 15 males and 11 females, ages between 18 and 30 years old (22 years ± 5). These subjects were clinically examined to verify their type of occlusion. Twenty-five landmarks were performed in soft tissue, and those subjects underwent image capturing by the stereophotogrammetry technique, using the apparatus Vectra (M3-Canfield®). The following variables were measured in those images: naso-labial angle (C-Sn-Ls); (N-Prn-Pg); (N-Sn-Pg); mentolabial (Li-Ps-Pg); growth angle (T-Go-Pg), cheek area (T, Zy, Chk, Ch, Gn, Go), hemifaces' areas (T, Zy, Ft, Tr, N, Prn, C, Sn, Ls, Sto, Li Ps, Gn, Go), lip area, bilaterally (Ls, Cph, Ch, Li, Sto), and linear measurements of the lips and jaw. Result and conclusion The data were compared between genders (Student's t-test), and no statistically significant differences between groups (p>0.05) were found. Despite the limitations of this study, it is possible to conclude that, as there were no differences between men and women for the studied variables (angular, linear, and area), the data of the total sample (Class I) should be used as reference parameters in future studies. Additionally, the 3D stereophotogrammetry technique has proven to be a new possibility for facial analysis, which might be employed in several areas of dentistry.

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Using a Smartphone 3-Dimensional Surface Imaging Technique to Manufacture Custom 3-Dimensional–Printed Eyeglasses

et al. 2022

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ImportanceFinding a suitable fit in glasses for pediatric patients with congenital and acquired craniofacial abnormalities is difficult; consequently, these children are at high risk of vision loss secondary to refractive amblyopia as they often have poor adherence to daily glasses wearing. Custom 3-dimensional (3D)–printed glasses may have an improved design and fit, but access is limited by the availability of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).ObjectiveTo describe a method for using a commercially available smartphone 3D surface imaging (3DSI) technique to capture facial anatomy as a basis for custom glasses design.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis quality improvement study analyzes data from a case series in a primary academic center with multiple referral centers throughout the United States. The evaluation included reported fit descriptions from patients with poor glasses adherence due to craniofacial abnormalities.Main Outcomes and MeasuresKey anatomic parameters for glasses fit (face width, distance from ear bridge to nasal bridge, distance from center of pupil to center of nasal bridge, distance from lateral to medial canthus, ear vertical offset, and nasal bridge width) were compared between scans. A 3DSI scan was considered successful if these key parameters could be determined and the difference in measurements was less than 5% between MRI and 3DSI. A second outcome measure included the fit of glasses designed by the 3DSI method as reported by the patient, parent, or guardian.ResultsMeasurements of key parameters for glasses fit were similar across MRI and 3DSI scans with a mean (SD) difference of 1.47 (0.79) mm between parameters (range, 0.3-4.60 mm). Among 20 patients aged 1 to 17 years with craniofacial abnormalities, all achieved a successful fit (reporting daily glasses adherence without irritation) as judged by the patient, parent, or guardian. A mean of 1.7 revisions were made from initial prototype to final frame production using 3DSI technology.Conclusions and RelevanceThis study demonstrated that smartphone-enabled 3DSI coupled with widely available 3D printing technology can produce custom frames with a successful fit for patients with craniofacial anomalies. This accessible and well-tolerated imaging process may have implications for adherence with glasses wearing among patients at risk of vision loss due to amblyopia.

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Validity and Reliability of Craniofacial Anthropometric Measurement of 3D Digital Photogrammetric Images

Abstract: Craniofacial anthropometry using the 3dMDface System is valid and reliable. Digital measurements of upper prolabial width may require direct marking, prior to imaging, to improve landmark identification.

Cited by 311 publications

References 25 publications

Facial anthropometric analysis of a healthy group of young Brazilian adults by means of stereophotogrammetry technique

Facial anthropometric analysis of a healthy group of young Brazilian adults by means of stereophotogrammetry technique

3D stereophotogrammetry facial analysis of Angle I subjects: gender comparison

Using a Smartphone 3-Dimensional Surface Imaging Technique to Manufacture Custom 3-Dimensional–Printed Eyeglasses

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