Validity and reliability of a flywheel squat test in sport

Beato, Marco; Fleming, Adam; Coates, Alexander; Iacono, Antonio Dello

doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1827530

Cited by 28 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The testing procedure used was previously reported in the literature [ 9 , 10 ]. This test reported an excellent level of test–retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.93–0.95) and a good level of technical error of measurement (around 4–5%) [ 14 ]. Players were seated on the dynamometer chair, with their trunks slightly reclined backwards and a hip angle of 95°.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To accurately assess knee extensor and flexor strength, the isokinetic device is considered as the gold standard, since it allows the measurement of torque during both the concentric and the eccentric phases [ 12 ]. Despite its ability to only assess single-joint movements, this can be done at both high and low angular velocities [ 2 , 10 , 13 , 14 ]. Nonetheless, the torque assessed by knee extensors and flexors has been proposed as a potential tool to monitor the occurrence of non-contact injuries, such as muscle strains or non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture [ 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intra- and Inter-Limb Strength Asymmetry in Soccer: A Comparison of Professional and Under-18 Players

Bishop

Coratella

Beato

2021

Sports

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(1) Background: the present study examined the isokinetic peak torque exerted by both knee extensors and flexors, anterior–posterior imbalance and the magnitude and direction of inter-limb asymmetry in professional and academy soccer players. (2) Methods: one hundred soccer players (professional = 50, elite academy = 50) volunteered to take part in this investigation. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to measure the knee extensor (quadriceps) and flexors muscle (hamstrings) torques of the limbs as well as inter-limb asymmetries—using a standard percentage difference equation. (3) Results: professional players exhibited significantly greater (effect size [ES] = large) strength levels in the quadriceps and hamstrings under both testing conditions, significantly higher (small to moderate) intra-limb ratio values for 60°·s−1 but not for the 300°·s−1 test condition, significantly (small to moderate) lower inter-limb asymmetry values for all test conditions, with the exception of the hamstrings at 60°·s−1 and the direction of asymmetry was poor to slight, indicating that limb dominance was rarely the same between groups. (4) Conclusions: this study shows that isokinetic assessments, i.e., peak torque exerted by both knee extensors and flexors and intra-limb ratio, and the subsequent inter-limb asymmetry, i.e., magnitude and direction, can differentiate between professional and academy soccer players.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra- and Inter-Limb Strength Asymmetry in Soccer: A Comparison of Professional and Under-18 Players

Bishop

Coratella

Beato

2021

Sports

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“…To enhance practical application and conclusions, future investigations analysing strength or power should utilize different exercises (Beato et al, 2020a), apply control groups (Coratella et al, 2019;Suarez-Arrones et al, 2018), account for inertial load and consider training experience (Raya-González et al, 2020b;Sabido et al, 2017). Furthermore, it is recommended that validity and reliability of devices and tests be considered when measuring performance changes (Beato et al, 2020b). Although the optimal strategy for applying flywheel training remains unclear (Beato & Dello Iacono, 2020;Petré et al, 2018;Timmins et al, 2021), the overarching evidence suggests it can be effectively implemented in male soccer environments to enhance strength and power.…”

Section: Strength and Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic effects of flywheel training on physical capacities in soccer players: a systematic review

Allen

Keijzer

Raya-González

et al. 2021

Research in Sports Medicine

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The aims of the current systematic review were to evaluate the current literature surrounding the chronic effect of flywheel training on the physical capacities of soccer players, and to identify areas for future research to establish guidelines for its use. Studies were identified following a search of electronic databases (PubMed and SPORTDiscus) in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA). Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria and were included. The methodological quality of the included studies ranged between 10 and 18 with an average score of 15 points using the PEDro scale.The training duration ranged from 6 weeks to 27 weeks, with volume ranging from 1 to 6 sets and 6 to 10 repetitions, and frequency from 1 to 2 times a week. This systematic review reported that a diverse range of flywheel training interventions can effectively improve strength, power, jump, and changes of direction in male soccer players of varying levels. Flywheel training interventions improve the physical capacities of soccer players of varying levels. Nonetheless, the current literature suggests contrasting evidence regarding flywheel training induced changes in sprint speed and acceleration capacity of soccer players.

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“…To promote eccentric overload during ST, non-gravity-dependent technology such as isoinertial flywheel devices have been introduced. [41][42][43] This technology allows us to accentuate eccentric actions by using the energy stored in the flywheel system after a maximal concentric action (i.e., inertial kinetic energy that results from the unwinding of the flywheel's strap) when a brief and concentrated braking action occurs at the end of the eccentric phase. 44 S&C coaches can manipulate exercise intensity using different flywheel wheels, which are characterized by the different moment of inertia.…”

Section: Flywheel Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…26 Thus, an adequate familiarization process is needed, as well as load monitoring to ensure proper load prescription is needed. 26,43,65…”

Section: Flywheel Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementing Strength Training Strategies for Injury Prevention in Soccer: Scientific Rationale and Methodological Recommendations

Beato¹,

Maroto-Izquierdo²,

Turner³

et al. 2021

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Due to the negative effects that injuries have on performance, club finances, and long-term player health (permanent disability after a severe injury), prevention strategies are an essential part of both sports medicine and performance. Purpose: To summarize the current evidence regarding strength training for injury prevention in soccer and to inform its evidence-based implementation in research and applied settings. Conclusions: The contemporary literature suggests that strength training, proposed as traditional resistance, eccentric, and flywheel training, may be a valid method to reduce injury risk in soccer players. Training strategies involving multiple components (eg, a combination of strength, balance, plyometrics) that include strength exercises are effective at reducing noncontact injuries in female soccer players. In addition, the body of research currently published supports the use of eccentric training in sports, which offers unique physiological responses compared with other resistance exercise modalities. It seems that the Nordic hamstring exercise, in particular, is a viable option for the reduction of hamstring injuries in soccer players. Moreover, flywheel training has specific training peculiarities and advantages that are related to the combination of both concentric and eccentric contraction, which may play an important role in injury prevention. It is the authors’ opinion that strength and conditioning coaches should integrate the strength training methods proposed here in their weekly training routine to reduce the likelihood of injuries in their players; however, further research is needed to verify the advantages and disadvantages of these training methods to injury prevention using specific cohorts of soccer players.

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Validity and reliability of a flywheel squat test in sport

Cited by 28 publications

References 38 publications

Intra- and Inter-Limb Strength Asymmetry in Soccer: A Comparison of Professional and Under-18 Players

Intra- and Inter-Limb Strength Asymmetry in Soccer: A Comparison of Professional and Under-18 Players

Chronic effects of flywheel training on physical capacities in soccer players: a systematic review

Implementing Strength Training Strategies for Injury Prevention in Soccer: Scientific Rationale and Methodological Recommendations

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