Validity and Reliability of a Novel Integrative Motor Performance Testing Course for Seniors: The “Agility Challenge for the Elderly (ACE)”

Abstract

Background: Assessing traditional neuromuscular fall risk factors (i.e., balance, gait, strength) in the elderly has so far mainly been done independently. Functional and integrative testing approaches are scarce. The present study proposes an agility course for an integrative assessment of neuromuscular and also cardiocirculatory capacity in seniors – and tests its criterion validity and reliability.Methods: Thirty-six seniors (age: 69.0 ± 2.8 years; BMI: 25.4 ± 3.5 kg/m2; sex: 19 males/17 females; weekly physical activity: 9.4 ± 5.5 h) participated. They completed four trials of the Agility Challenge for the Elderly (ACE)-course in two sessions separated by 1 week. The course consists of three segments focusing on different agility aspects. Cardiovascular capacity was assessed by 6-min walk test (6MWT), neuromuscular capacity by static, dynamic and perturbed standing balance tasks, habitual gait speed assessment, and rate of torque development testing. Parameters’ predictive strength for the ACE performance was assessed by regression analysis. Reliability was calculated with intraclass correlation coefficients and coefficients of variation.Results: Men completed the course in 43.0 ± 5.7 s and women in 51.9 ± 4.0 s. Overall and split times were explained by 6MWT time (ηp2 = 0.38–0.44), gait speed (ηp2 = 0.29–0.43), and to a lesser extent trunk rotation explosive strength (ηp2 = 0.05–0.12). Static and dynamic balance as well as plantar flexion strength explained the performance in some segments to a very small extent (ηp2 = 0.06–0.08). Good between- and within-day reliability were observed for total course and split times: The ICC for the between-day comparison was 0.93 (0.88–0.96) and ranged between 0.84 and 0.94 for split times. The within-day ICC was 0.94 (0.91–0.97) for overall time and 0.92–0.97 for split times. Coefficients of variation were smaller than 5.7% for within and between day analyses.Conclusion: The ACE course reflects cardiocirculatory and neuromuscular capacity, with the three ACE segments potentially reflecting slightly different domains of neuromuscular (static and dynamic balance, ankle, and trunk strength) performance, whereas cardiocirculatory fitness and gait speed contribute to all segments. Our test can detect changes in overall performance greater than 5.7% and can thus be useful for documenting changes due to interventions in seniors.

Agility-based exercise training compared to traditional strength and balance training in older adults: a pilot randomized trial

“…Plisky and colleagues reported CoV of 5.9% for the composite score of the Y-balance test (Plisky et al, 2009) and a minimal detectable change of 0.05 for the composite score in older adults (Sipe et al, 2019). We found a similar CoV in our unpublished data of 5.1% (Lichtenstein et al, 2019).…”

“…The accelerometer records data at 50 Hz. In our previous study (Lichtenstein et al, 2019), we observed an average CoV of 7.7% for this procedure (unpublished data).…”

“…The best performance (shortest path length) of the three trials was used for analysis. Coefficients of variation (CoV) of 8.6% can be expected in this sample based on unpublished data from a previous own study (Lichtenstein et al, 2019).…”

“…It considers complex functional tasks, including stop-and-go as well as cutting movements, changes of direction, perceptional challenges, decision making, reaction tasks and, thereby, stresses the need for continuous progression of difficulty and complexity of exercises. A test assessing the agility construct was developed and validity with regard to traditional fall risk factors was recently investigated (Lichtenstein et al, 2019). Associations were found between the fall risk factors gait speed, endurance, as well as selected strength and balance parameters and the measurement of agility.…”

Agility-based exercise training compared to traditional strength and balance training in older adults: a pilot randomized trial

“…It considers complex functional tasks, including stop-and-go as well as cutting movements, changes of direction, perceptional challenges, decision making, reaction tasks and, thereby, stresses the need for continuous progression of difficulty and complexity of exercises. A test assessing the agility construct was developed and validity with regard to traditional fall risk Agility-based exercise training compared to traditional strength and balance training in older adults: a pilot randomized trial 3 OSF Generated citation factors was recently assessed [13]. The aim of the current study was to apply the agility framework to an exercise training intervention and compare the efficacy to a traditional exercise training intervention targeting particularly strength and balance in older adults.…”