Validity and Acceptance of Color Vision Testing on Smartphones

Ozgur, Omar; Emborgo, Trisha S.; Vieyra, Mark; Huselid, Rebecca Farmer; Banik, Rudrani

doi:10.1097/wno.0000000000000637

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The most promising is contained within the “Eye Handbook” app, which is available free for both Apple iPhone and Android users. The app was validated against the Ishihara color vision test in 2 clinical studies ( 14 , 15 ), although a nonclinical study using image analysis found it likely underestimates color vision loss severity in patients with normal contrast sensitivity (CS) and does not contain as many specially designed plates as Ishihara for differentiation of R-G deficiency from total color blindness ( 8 ). Other less promising apps include “Color Blind Test” ( 16 ) and “Color Vision Test” ( 17 ).…”

Section: Telemedicine Using Epic and Non-epic Platformsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tele-Neuro-Ophthalmology During the Age of COVID-19

Lai

Rucker

et al. 2020

Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology

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Section: Telemedicine Using Epic and Non-epic Platformsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tele-Neuro-Ophthalmology During the Age of COVID-19

Lai

Rucker

et al. 2020

Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology

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“…This finding suggests that results from the EHB may underestimate the severity of colour vision loss in persons with normal contrast sensitivity compared to Ishihara. This theory is supported by Ozgur et al 6 in which more patients with ocular pathology were able to correctly identify all 11 colour vision plates with EHB (85%) compared to Ishihara (69%). This further suggests colour vision testing with the EHB may be easier with the risk of not identifying individuals with colour vision deficiency.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Screen size, resolution, brightness and colour saturation of each smartphone model may impact the accuracy of the EHB colour vision test. 6 There is limited data validating the EHB test to gold standard colour vision testing. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the EHB colour vision test to standardised Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plate under simulated colour vision loss through the use of image processing software.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of a Smartphone Application with Ishihara Pseudoisochromatic Plate for Testing Colour Vision

Zhao

Fliotsos

Ighani

et al. 2018

Neuro-Ophthalmology

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The Eye Handbook (EHB) is the most frequently downloaded smartphone application with diagnostic tools for eye-care providers. However, limited data exists validating the EHB test to gold standard colour vision testing. EHB and Ishihara colour vision tests were evaluated and compared under simulated colour vision loss through use of image processing software. Images of both tests were processed through ImageJ to 32 bit-grey scale and blue channel under split RBG channel to model total colour vision loss and red-green (R-G) deficiency, respectively. Two colour plates differentiated R-G deficiency from total colour blindness in EHB compared with eight Ishihara plates. Without colour information, correct numerals were identified in 3.5/15 EHB plates converted to 32-bit greyscale, versus 1/16 in Ishihara. We conclude EHB may underestimate colour vision loss severity in persons with normal contrast sensitivity compared to Ishihara. Eye-care providers need to be aware of the potential inconsistency compared to standardised methods, including limitations in differentiating patients with R-G colour deficiencies from total colour blindness.

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“…Smartphone presentation can substitute for flip-book Ishihara color plates. 3 Utilizing the autostereoscopic barrier screen of the Nintendo 3DS XL console, near vision screening testing games have been developed. 4 Near monocular visual acuity, stereopsis and color vision can be screened in normal military staff and also in remote, non-English speaking villagers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichromatic Enhanced Dynamic Color Screening on the PDI Check Nintendo 3DS Game

Arnold

Smith

Molina

et al. 2021

OPTO

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Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/oREQZvZ7rpcIntroduction: Classification of color deficiency has required substantial time and expense with the static Farnsworth-Munsell and Innova Rabin tests. Therefore, dynamic color tests were developed for the Nintendo 3DS. Methods: Fifteen color deficient patients and 17 age-matched normals performed Rabin color test in addition to PDI Check dynamic color games resembling Farnsworth-Munsell presentation (version 0.2.8) and 3-color iso-luminance gray (version 0.2.13).Results: Tests of red, green and blue cone-deficient with the v0.2.8 had sensitivity/specificity/PPV of 92%/86%/92% protanopes, 78%/90%/88% deutanopes and 87%/50%/93% tritanopes. Version 0.2.13 had sens/spec/PPV of 78%/83%/78% red-cone, 100%/85%/80% green cone and 67%/78%/33% blue cone. Corresponding IntraClass Correlation (ICC) utilizing v0.2.8 were red-cone 0.22 (−0.02-0.60), green-cone 0.34 (−0.10-0.67) and blue-cone 0.38 (0.12-0.75). ICC for v0.2.13 was higher with protanope 0.62 (−0.07-0.87), deuteranope 0.64 (−0.09-0.88) and tritanope 0.31 (−0.07-0.70). The PDI Check color game took 65 seconds compared to 197 seconds for Innova Rabin. Conclusion:The PDI Check color game quickly identifies patients with inherited color deficiencies.

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Validity and Acceptance of Color Vision Testing on Smartphones

Cited by 22 publications

References 7 publications

Tele-Neuro-Ophthalmology During the Age of COVID-19

Tele-Neuro-Ophthalmology During the Age of COVID-19

Comparison of a Smartphone Application with Ishihara Pseudoisochromatic Plate for Testing Colour Vision

Trichromatic Enhanced Dynamic Color Screening on the PDI Check Nintendo 3DS Game

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