Validation of visual and machine strength grading for Italian beech with additional sampling

Abstract

The typical variability of wood properties, higher than for other construction materials, requires a thorough knowledge of its mechanical performance. To make the use of wooden structural products safe and at the same time efficient, a proven methodology for the selection of the raw material is also crucial. As a general rule, the initial sampling is of vital importance to develop effective strength grading processes, but it is rarely verified with additional samples, besides those already included during the development of the grading procedure itself. Here, a new source of sawn timber was collected to verify the original sampling and to validate the visual and machine strength grading early developed for Italian beech. The new pieces were graded, destructively tested and the characteristic values of the graded material were calculated. The dispersion of the new data was found to be entirely included in that of the original data, proving an effective sampling of the resource variability. The correlations between properties were very similar comparing the original and the new sample, with the exception of the correlations between the dynamic modulus of elasticity and both bending strength and stiffness, which were lower in the new sample. The characteristic values of the graded new material were generally higher than the characteristics values of the corresponding strength classes as tabled in the technical standard. Only for one grade in the machine grading the strength reached 98.9% the class value, anyhow above the 90% required by the procedure of the checking of existing settings in a particular location, as provided by the related standard. In conclusion, the earlier development of the strength grading of Italian beech confirmed to be correct and safe.

Embedment Strength of Low- and Medium-Density Hardwood Species from Spain

“…Beech is a medium-density hardwood species of interest in Europe due to its high mechanical properties [17][18][19]. Representing 15% of forest area in Germany, 18% in Switzerland, and 10% in Austria, beech is assigned to a strength class D40 ( f m,k = 40 N/mm 2 ; E 0,m = 13000 N/mm 2 ; and ρ k = 550 Kg/m 3 ) according to EN 1912 [20,21].…”

Timber tensile strength in mixed stands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)

“…For structural safety and for an economic use of structural timber, the strength either from bending or tension tests, stiffness and density of a population need to be assessed (Ridley-Ellis et al 2016;Brunetti et al 2021;Plos et al 2022). These three properties are the so-called grade determining properties (GDPs) and are the ones used to assign timber population to a specific strength class (Ridley-Ellis et al 2022).…”