Validation of Urine Density Correction in Cases of Hippuric Acid and Un-metabolized Toluene in Urine of Workers Exposed to Toluene

Kawai, Takeshi; Eitaki, Yoko; Ukai, Hirohiko; Ito, Osamu; Maeshima, Yuki; Ueda, Naohiro; Ohashi, Fumiko; Ikeda, Masayuki

doi:10.2486/indhealth.48.154

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Rats and humans differ by the relative proportion of MAs in the total metabolites excreted. Indeed, occupational studies investigating BMA and pTMA in human urine revealed concentrations in the tens to hundreds of µg/L range (Maestri et al, 1997, Angerer et al, 1998, Inoue et al, 2002, Inoue et al, 2004, Kawai et al, 2010, Lovreglio et al, 2010. The BMA to pTMA ratio also appears to differ between humans and rats, it nears 9.5 (median BMA and pTMA equal to 190 and 20 µg/L, respectively) for humans (Angerer et al, 1998), compared to between 1.5 and 2 for rats (this study).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 44%

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Biomarkers of toluene exposure in rats: mercapturic acids versus traditional indicators (urinary hippuric acid ando-cresol and blood toluene)

et al. 2013

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1. Toluene (TOL) is a neurotoxic, ototoxic and reprotoxic solvent which is metabolized via the glutathione pathway, producing benzylmercapturic, o-, m- and p-toluylmercapturic acids (MAs). These metabolites could be useful as biomarkers of TOL exposure. 2. The aims of this study were (1) to provide data on MAs excretion in rat urine following TOL exposure by inhalation, (2) to compare them to data from traditional TOL biomarkers, i.e. TOL in blood (Tol-B), and urinary hippuric acid (HA) and o-cresol (oCre) and (3) to establish a relationship between these different indicators and the airborne TOL concentration (Tol-A). 3. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a range of TOL concentrations. Blood and urine were collected and analyzed to determine biomarker levels. 4. Levels of the four MAs correlate strongly with Tol-A (comparable to the correlation with Tol-B). 5. MAs are thus clearly superior to oCre and HA as potential markers of exposure to TOL.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 44%

“…Correction for creatinine is controversial since it does not always improve the correlation between the external doses and urinary exposure marker levels (Inoue et al, 2008, Kawai et al, 2010.…”

Section: Hippuric Acid Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers of toluene exposure in rats: mercapturic acids versus traditional indicators (urinary hippuric acid ando-cresol and blood toluene)

et al. 2013

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Urinary creatinine concentrations in an industrial workforce and comparison with reference values of the general population

Bader

Messerer

Will

2012

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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The results of this study correspond well with data from environmental surveys and with recent data from an active workforce in industry with similar sampling strategies. Therefore, a median of 1.4 g creatinine per litre urine seems to be a reasonable value for general calculations and adjustments. The study data also support the validity of the current recommendations by the WHO and several scientific committees and institutions with respect to creatinine limits in spot urine samples for occupational-medical biomonitoring.

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Validation of Urine Density Correction in Cases of Hippuric Acid and Un-metabolized Toluene in Urine of Workers Exposed to Toluene

Cited by 2 publications

References 51 publications

Biomarkers of toluene exposure in rats: mercapturic acids versus traditional indicators (urinary hippuric acid ando-cresol and blood toluene)

Biomarkers of toluene exposure in rats: mercapturic acids versus traditional indicators (urinary hippuric acid ando-cresol and blood toluene)

Urinary creatinine concentrations in an industrial workforce and comparison with reference values of the general population

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