Validation of the Spanish version of the Lawton IADL Scale for its application in elderly people

Abstract

BackgroundThe adequate information about the functional capacity of elderly populations is a key for the comprehensive assessment of their health status and autonomy. The Lawton IADL (instrumental activities of daily living) Scale is a very often used scale to assess independent living skills, but has never been validated for its use in Spanish-speaking populations. The purpose of this study was to assess the validity, the reliability, and responsiveness of this widely used scale.MethodsThe validation was based on a prospective cohort of 1,965 patients aged 65 or over who suffered an accidental fall with a hip or wrist fracture as a result. These patients were followed up six months after the production of the fracture. Cronbach’s alpha was used to assess reliability, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for the construct validity. Convergent and discriminant validity were examined by the correlation of the IADL Scale with the Barthel Index, SF-12, WOMAC short form, and QuickDASH questionnaires. Known-groups validity was also studied comparing IADL Scale according to different groups, and responsiveness was assessed by means of effect sizes.ResultsThe mean age was 80.04 years (SD 8.04). The Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.94. In the EFA, factor loadings ranged from 0.67 to 0.90, and CFA confirmed the homogeneity of the construct. Regarding the convergent validity, all correlation coefficients were higher than 0.40. Significant differences were found according to different groups, supporting known-groups validity. Responsiveness parameters showed moderate to large changes (effect sizes, 0.79 and 0.84 among patients classified as worsened).ConclusionsThese results confirm that the Spanish version of the Lawton IADL Scale has excellent reliability and validity and a moderate to large sensitivity to change. This study provides a proper validation, not only of the Spanish version of the Lawton IADL Scale, but also of the original instrument.

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“…39 The Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale is reliable and valid method for its application in older individuals. 40 Self-rated mobility was assessed by asking whether participants could walk 400 m (yes, yes with difficulty but without help, not without help, or no). This instrument is widely used and recognized in the gerontological literature for indicating mobility disability.…”

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“…The final score is the sum of the values for all responses, and thus ranges from 0 (maximum dependency) to 8 (fully independent). Both of these instruments have been adapted and validated for use in the Spanish population, and they are commonly employed, in view of the international acceptance of their psychometric properties (validity and reliability) [6][7][8].…”