Validation of the Simple Shoulder Test in a Portuguese-Brazilian Population. Is the Latent Variable Structure and Validation of the Simple Shoulder Test Stable across Cultures?

Abstract

BackgroundThe validation of widely used scales facilitates the comparison across international patient samples. The objective of this study was to translate, culturally adapt and validate the Simple Shoulder Test into Brazilian Portuguese. Also we test the stability of factor analysis across different cultures.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to translate, culturally adapt and validate the Simple Shoulder Test into Brazilian Portuguese. Also we test the stability of factor analysis across different cultures.MethodsThe Simple Shoulder Test was translated from English into Brazilian Portuguese, translated back into English, and evaluated for accuracy by an expert committee. It was then administered to 100 patients with shoulder conditions. Psychometric properties were analyzed including factor analysis, internal reliability, test-retest reliability at seven days, and construct validity in relation to the Short Form 36 health survey (SF-36).ResultsFactor analysis demonstrated a three factor solution. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.82. Test-retest reliability index as measured by intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.84. Associations were observed in the hypothesized direction with all subscales of SF-36 questionnaire.ConclusionThe Simple Shoulder Test translation and cultural adaptation to Brazilian-Portuguese demonstrated adequate factor structure, internal reliability, and validity, ultimately allowing for its use in the comparison with international patient samples.

Simple shoulder test and Oxford Shoulder Score: Persian translation and cross-cultural validation

“…Our finding is consistent with data from the original English and other versions of the SST [14,15,17,37]; and OSS [24][25][26][27]. The floor and ceiling effects were not reported for the SST Italian [16], Portuguese-Brazilian [18], and Spanish [19] versions; or the OSS German [22] and Dutch [23] versions.…”

“…Patients reported the questions of the scales were relevant and clear for shoulder disorders. This finding confirms the acceptability and face validity of the PSST and the POSS in line with the original English and translated versions of the scales (SST: [10,13,[15][16][17][18][19]37]; OSS: [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]38]). Responding to all questions of the scales indicates that both the PSST and POSS can accurately evaluate a patient's function and disability.…”

“…This finding is in accordance with those from the English and translated versions of these scales (SST: [15-17, 19, 37, 40, 41]; OSS: [20, 22-27, 42, 43]). Construct validity has not been evaluated for the Portuguese-Brazilian SST [18].…”

“…The SST is reliable, valid, and responsive [10,13,14]. The SST has been validated in Lithuanian [15], Italian [16], Dutch [17], Portuguese-Brazilian [18], and Spanish [19].…”

Use of scoring systems for assessing and reporting the outcome results from shoulder surgery and arthroplasty

“…It is validated for pre and postoperative shoulder function, and, is popular in North America [28] . However, it has also been validated in a number of other countries [29] , including Brazil [30] , Holland [16] and Italy [31] and is considered to be user friendly [16] . Drawbacks associated with the SST are perhaps its generosity (high scores when significant disability is present), and the different effects of age and type of injury or disease on the scores.…”