Validation of the Parental Responsiveness Scale

Anikiej-Wiczenbach, Paulina; Kaźmierczak, Maria

doi:10.5114/cipp.2021.104800

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This brings to mind the observation that parental responsiveness is a type of behavior strongly embedded in situational context. The threatening situation of the pandemic might lead to subjectively perceived higher parental involvement and attentiveness in responding to the child’s signals and reacting to them more promptly and adequately [ 27 ]. Moreover, our previous studies showed that parental responsiveness is linked to greater empathic concern and perspective taking [ 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parental responsiveness was measured by the Parental Responsiveness Scale [ 27 ]. It consists of 13 statements that pertain to parental sensitive responsiveness towards young children (up to 2 years).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reactions to the cries of one’s own child vary depending on situational context and can lead to emotional overload [ 26 ]. Parental responsiveness and parental child-oriented reactions to cries are highly connected with empathy in terms of empathic concern and perspective-taking [ 27 ]. However, a child’s cry can provoke different reactions in parents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have shown that mothers appear to be more responsive than fathers [ 27 ]. However, in the time of the pandemic, the situation may have changed because of the possibility of emotional overload to which women are more likely to be predisposed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aim of the presented research was to explore the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on the functioning of parents in terms of their responsiveness to their own child’s cues. We analyzed whether perceived stress, emotional overload, and fear of being affected by COVID-19 were connected with parental responsiveness, constituted by sensitivity in perceiving the child’s cues, parental willingness to react emotionally, physical availability (e.g., to comfort the baby), promptness in responding to the child’s needs, and the adequacy of parental reactions and emotions connected with child’s cry [ 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Parenting of Infants: A Couples Study

Anikiej-Wiczenbach

Kaźmierczak

2022

IJERPH

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(1) Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to many negative changes in everyday functioning. This study aimed to establish how it impacts parental responsiveness towards their children; (2) Methods: 132 couples (N = 264) who were parents of young children (from 3 to 24 months; M = 12.61; SD = 6.71) participated in this study. The Parental Responsiveness Scale was used to measure parental responsiveness toward their own child and the Polish adaptation of the My Emotions Scale was used to measure emotional reactions to the child’s cry. We collected data about perceived stress, fear of being affected by COVID-19, and emotional overload caused by the pandemic. An analysis using actor–partner interdependence models was carried out; (3) Results: there were actor effects for both parental responsiveness and reactions to the child’s cry (for all measured aspects (frustration, amusement, anxiety, empathy, sympathy)). For women, parental responsiveness was a negative partner effect of stress, and for men, there was a positive effect of fear of being infected, emotional overload, and stress; (4) Conclusions: these results show how important it is to take care of families and investigate the effects of the pandemic on their functioning.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Parenting of Infants: A Couples Study

Anikiej-Wiczenbach

Kaźmierczak

2022

IJERPH

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Couples’ empathy and sensitive responsiveness to a crying baby simulator

Kaźmierczak,

Pawlicka,

Anikiej-Wiczenbach

et al. 2024

Journal of Social and Personal Relationships

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Emotional empathy has been linked to prosocial behaviors and is deemed crucial for parenting and caring for infants. This study examined whether emotional empathy (dispositional and in response to infant crying) is associated with sensitive responsiveness, as observed in 221 heterosexual couples (half of whom were expecting their first child) during a standardized caregiving situation. Simulators resembling real infants were used. Caregiving performed by each partner individually and as a couple was observed using the Ainsworth sensitivity scale. The partners rated their own empathy and their perceived partner’s empathy toward the infant simulator. The Polish version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index was used to measure dispositional emotional empathy (empathic concern, EC; personal distress, PD). Multilevel modeling showed that self-reported and partner-reported empathy elicited by the infant simulator mediated the association between dispositional empathic concern and sensitive responsiveness during caretaking. Women were more empathic and responsive while caring for the infant simulator, and couple sensitive responsiveness was predicted by higher dispositional EC and lower PD in women but not in men. Our findings suggest that dispositional empathy and empathic reactions toward an infant simulator might translate into better adjustment to parenthood and more responsive parenting and coparenting.

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Unraveling the link between family of origin and parental responsiveness toward own child

Anikiej-Wiczenbach,

Kaźmierczak

2023

Front. Psychiatry

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This study investigates the influence of family of origin on parental responsiveness toward own child, taking into account gender differences. A total of 110 triads of mothers, fathers, and their first child aged 6–10 months participated in the standardized Free Play procedure. Parental responsiveness was assessed through observational measures (using Ainsworth procedure) and self-reported scales (Parental Responsiveness Scale). Results revealed correlations between objectively assessed responsiveness and self-reported parental styles in the family of origin, separately for mothers and fathers. Among mothers having daughters, parental sensitivity (an important aspect of observationally measured responsiveness) was positively correlated with having had a liberal loving mother and a negative correlation with an autocratic mother. Cooperation (another aspect of observationally measured responsiveness) was correlated positively with having had a liberal loving mother. Meanwhile, having a liberal unloving mother predicted lover sensitivity and cooperation. Similar correlations were not observed for mothers having sons. Among fathers having daughters, both aspects of observed responsiveness were positively correlated with having had a democratic father and negatively with autocratic or liberal unloving parents. Moreover, having a liberal unloving father and autocratic mother predicted their lower responsiveness toward daughters. These findings highlight the role of family dynamics in shaping parental responsiveness and emphasize the importance of understanding these dynamics in promoting responsive parenting.

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Validation of the Parental Responsiveness Scale

Cited by 6 publications

References 28 publications

The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Parenting of Infants: A Couples Study

The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Parenting of Infants: A Couples Study

Couples’ empathy and sensitive responsiveness to a crying baby simulator

Unraveling the link between family of origin and parental responsiveness toward own child

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