Validation of the muscularity‐oriented eating test in adult women in China

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Objective Ample evidence shows that transgender congruence is negatively associated with body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in the Western context; however, limited research has explored these relationships in non‐Western populations (e.g., Chinese transgender adults). Moreover, to our knowledge, there has been no research describing disordered eating in Chinese transgender adults. Thus, this study aimed to explore group differences in and relationships between transgender congruence, body appreciation, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating in Chinese transgender adults. Methods This study examined transgender congruence, body appreciation, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating in a sample of Chinese transgender adults (N = 200). Chi‐square, F tests, and correlation analyses were conducted to examine group differences and relationships between study variables. Results Of the transgender adults, 31.0% screened positive as probable eating disorder (ED) cases. There were no gender identity differences in the study variables. Transgender congruence was positively associated body appreciation (r = .40, p < .001) and negatively associated with body dissatisfaction (r = −.26, p < .001) and disordered eating (r = −.15, p = .031). Discussion Chinese transgender adults may be at high risk of EDs. Transgender congruence and body appreciation may serve a protective role in the context of eating pathology in Chinese transgender adults. Future research is needed to validate the observed relationships between transgender congruence, body appreciation, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating in Chinese transgender adults. Public Significance Research on disordered eating and body image in Chinese transgender adults is limited. This study describes disordered eating and its relations with transgender congruence, body appreciation, and body dissatisfaction in Chinese transgender adults. Findings highlight the need for and implications of ED intervention in Chinese transgender adults.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Transgender congruence, body appreciation, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating in Chinese transgender adults

Barnhart

Cui

et al. 2023

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“…The Chinese version of the 15‐item Muscularity‐Oriented Eating Test (MOET; He et al, 2023; He, Murray, et al, 2021; Murray et al, 2019) was used to examine muscularity‐oriented disordered eating. Items are rated on a 5‐point Likert scale (0 = never true , 4 = always true ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining an integrated sociocultural and objectification model of thinness‐ and muscularity‐oriented disordered eating in Chinese older men and women

Barnhart

Cui

Zhang

et al. 2023

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ObjectiveWe tested an integrated model of three prominent theories of disordered eating (tripartite influence theory, objectification theory, and social comparison theory) in a sample of older Chinese men and women.MethodChinese older men (n = 270) and women (n = 160) completed questionnaires assessing the tripartite influence, objectification, and social comparison theories and thinness‐ and muscularity‐oriented disordered eating. Two structural equation models were tested in Chinese older men and women.ResultsThe integrated model showed good model fit and described meaningful variance in thinness‐ and muscularity‐oriented disordered eating in Chinese older men and women. Higher appearance pressures were uniquely related to higher muscularity‐oriented disordered eating in men. Across both gender groups, higher thinness internalization was uniquely related to higher thinness‐ and muscularity‐oriented disordered eating, and in women only, higher muscularity internalization was uniquely related to lower thinness‐oriented disordered eating. In men, higher upward and downward body image comparisons were uniquely related to higher and lower, respectively, muscularity‐oriented disordered eating. In women, higher upward body image comparisons were only uniquely related to higher muscularity‐oriented disordered eating while higher downward body image comparisons were uniquely related to both outcomes. Higher body shame was uniquely related to higher thinness‐oriented disordered eating across both groups and in men alone, higher body shame was also uniquely related to higher muscularity‐oriented disordered eating.DiscussionFindings, which tested the integration of tripartite influence, objectification, and social comparison theories, inform the prevention and treatment of disordered eating in Chinese older populations.Public SignificanceThe present study is the first to describe theories of disordered eating (tripartite influence, objectification, and social comparison) in Chinese older adults. Findings suggested good model fit and the integrated models described meaningful variance in thinness‐ and muscularity‐oriented disordered eating in Chinese older women and men. Findings extend existing theories of disordered eating and, pending further study, may inform theory‐driven prevention and treatment approaches in Chinese older adults.

“…The Chinese version of the 15‐item Muscularity‐Oriented Eating Test (MOET; He et al, 2023; He, Murray, et al, 2021; Murray et al, 2019) was used to assess muscularity‐oriented disordered eating (e.g., rigid diet rules, strict exercise routines, and use of supplements for enhancing muscularity). The items are rated on a 5‐point Likert scale, from 0 “never true” to 4 “always true.” A total score can be computed by averaging the items, with higher scores suggesting higher muscularity‐oriented disordered eating.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The items are rated on a 5‐point Likert scale, from 0 “never true” to 4 “always true.” A total score can be computed by averaging the items, with higher scores suggesting higher muscularity‐oriented disordered eating. The MOET showed good psychometric properties in Chinese adult men and women (He et al, 2023; He, Murray, et al, 2021). In the present study, the McDonald's ω values of the MOET were .91 and .89 for men and women, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…T A B L E 1 Demographic characteristics and descriptive statistics. He et al, 2023;He, Murray, et al, 2021;Murray et al, 2019) was used to assess muscularity-oriented disordered eating (e.g., rigid diet rules, strict exercise routines, and use of supplements for enhancing muscularity). The items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale, from 0 "never true" to 4 "always true."…”

Section: Thinness-oriented Disordered Eatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Screen use while eating is associated with lower intuitive eating and higher disordered eating in Chinese adult men and women

He,

Fu,

Cui

et al. 2023

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ObjectiveWe aimed to explore the potential associations between screen use while eating and intuitive eating and disordered (thinness‐oriented and muscularity‐oriented) eating behaviors.MethodsAnalyses included 600 Chinese adults (50% women; Mage = 30.67, SD = 8.08) recruited online. The use of four major screen devices was captured, including cell phones, tablets, computers, and TVs. Three types of eating behaviors were examined, namely intuitive eating, thinness‐oriented disordered eating, and muscularity‐oriented disordered eating. Pearson correlation and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted separately for men and women to examine the sex‐specific associations between screen use while eating and intuitive eating, thinness‐oriented disordered eating, and muscularity‐oriented disordered eating.ResultsIn both men and women, more screen use while eating was significantly associated with lower intuitive eating, higher thinness‐oriented disordered eating, and higher muscularity‐oriented disordered eating, above and beyond total screen time and social media use.DiscussionWe found preliminary evidence for the significant links between screen use while eating and intuitive eating and disordered eating. Given the global increases in screen use, continued research is warranted to further explore the role of screen use while eating in the development and maintenance of intuitive eating and disordered eating.Public SignificanceMuch remains unknown regarding screen use while eating and eating behaviors. We found that in both Chinese men and women, more screen use while eating was significantly and uniquely associated with lower intuitive eating, higher thinness‐oriented disordered eating, and higher muscularity‐oriented disordered eating. Findings highlight the importance of incorporating screen use while eating in future research on intuitive eating and disordered eating.