Validation of the hepatic portal vein cannulation technique using Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Effect of nutritional status and sampling intensity on recovery after dorsal aorta cannulation in free-swimming Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

“…A transient stress response was reversed within 24-48 h of surgery. From 24 or 48 h all variables showed some fluctuations, but were all within expected ranges for unstressed fishes (Eliason et al 2007;Powell and Nowak 2003). The implantation of the cannula itself did not add additional stress beyond that caused by sedation and handling.…”

“…Most studies that have utilized this method have focused on short-term physiological measurements such as blood volume (Conte et al 1963), evaluation of haematological parameters (Soivio et al 1975), endocrinology (Zohar 1980), post-prandial levels of plasma amino acids (Ok et al 2001), degree and time course of changes in catecholamine and cortisol concentrations in cannulated black box-confined rainbow trout (Gamperl et al 1994a) and immunological measures (Lo et al 2003). In a series of experiment, Kiessling et al introduced long-term studies of free swimming and voluntarily feeding cannulated fish (Eliason et al 2007(Eliason et al , 2009Hamre et al 2001;Karlsson et al 2006;Kiessling et al 1995Kiessling et al , 2003Kiessling et al , 2006Kiessling et al , 2009Olsen et al 2005a;Sunde et al 2003) The DA cannulation method involves several procedures that are known to stress the fish, such as handling, sedation and surgery, in addition to isolating the fish in individual tanks. The presence of the catheter and the sampling protocol may also induce stress directly or due to loss of blood.…”

Anesthesia induces stress in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)

“…Since the fish were not subjected to any stress from handling prior to exposure or in connection to sampling a slow dispersion, introducing the fish to low concentrations of the drug might have elicited a stress response. Low dosages of metomidate added to the tank (0.5-1 mg l -1 ) have previously been found insufficient for inhibiting the stress response in Atlantic salmon (Eliason et al 2007;Olsen et al 1995) and have also been inadequate for blocking the stress response during transport (Sandodden et al 2001). Low dosages of metomidate (1.5 mg l -1 ) have on the other hand been found to inhibit the cortisol response to confinement stress in both channel catfish and hybrid striped bass (Davis and Griffin 2004;Small 2004).…”

Anaesthesia of farmed fish: implications for welfare

“…One of the side effects of the drug in addition to respiratory and cardiovascular depression is suppression of adrenal steroidogenesis, thus leading to an inhibition of cortisol synthesis (Vanden Bossche et al 1984;Wagner et al 1984; man, cow and rat). Metomidate, in parity with etomidate in mammals, has also been found to have an inhibitory effect on cortisol in fish (Davis and Griffin 2004;Olsen et al 1995;Small 2004;Thomas and Robertson 1991) but the efficiency and dose dependence of this inhibition are still unclear (Eliason et al 2007;Olsen et al 1995;Sandodden et al 2001). However, a number of reports indicate cortisol release in spite of metomidate treatment Zahl et al 2010).…”