Validation of the Declared Withdrawal Periods of Antibiotics

Abstract

Drug residues in poultry and poultry products are becoming an alarming or burning concern for public health because of improper use of drugs/feed additive, or failure to observe drug withdrawal period, non-existence of restrictive legislation and lack of consumer awareness in the poultry industry. The declared withdrawal periods and safe level/tolerance level of any antibiotics will be stay in same points. The aim of the study was to validate the declared withdrawal periods and to see whether there is any alteration of these declared withdrawal periods that farmers are practicing in in-situ and ex-situ condition in Bangladesh context. For this, a total of 2100 broilers and 2100 eggs were collected from different markets of poultry rich area in seven divisions of Bangladesh. Seven different drugs such as Enrofloxacin, Oxytetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, Sulfonamide, Cloramphenical, Gentamycin, Furazolidone were used as Maximum Residue Limit (MRL). In case of Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and Sulfonamides residues persist in broiler meat after the declared withdrawal periods, on the other hand Oxytetracycline, Cloramphenical and Gentamycin maintains the withdrawal period as per stated but the Furazolidone disappears for broiler meat before the declared withdrawal periods. It was found that 55% poultry samples remain above MRL during 1-3 interval period's in the validation of withdrawal period indicates not safe for human health. It can be concluded that lack of observation of withdrawal period might be a common practice given the high level of antibiotics in the poultry farm of Bangladesh.

Identification and quantification of antimicrobial activity in commercially available chicken meat in a large urban centre in Pakistan

“…Another cause of concern is the failure of the poultry farmers to observe antibacterial withdrawal periods in the chicken and slaughtering them for consumption before the drug could be metabolized and excreted by the bird ( Khatun et al., 2018 ). Ongoing consumption of antibiotic residues in food disturbs the local human gut microbiome and facilitates the growth of drug-resistant disease-causing strains ( Lammie and Hughes, 2016 , Laxminarayan et al., 2013 ).…”

Antimicrobial use practices and resistance in indicator bacteria in communal cattle in the Mnisi community, Mpumalanga, South Africa

“…Nonetheless, poor compliance with antimicrobial use instructions, poor record keeping of treated animals and improper disposal of expired antimicrobial drugs by farmers in this study are likely to increase the development of antimicrobial resistance (Bound & Voulvoulis, 2005). The use of incorrect doses and routes of administration is also likely to increase the risk of the development of resistance and exposure of the public to antimicrobial residues (Khatun et al, 2018). Farmers must be encouraged to keep good records as they are an important means of monitoring both disease burden and antimicrobial use on the farm (Speksnijder, Mevius, Bruschke, & Wagenaar, 2015).…”

Detection of antibiotic residues among raw beef in Erbil City (Iraq) and impact of temperature on antibiotic remains

“…Most recently, an Ethiopian study estimated that 71% to 82% of fresh beef in a northwest market harbor antibiotic residue (Agmas and Adugna, 2018). Such discrepancies could be attributed to failure to adhere to pre-slaughter withdrawal period or the improper massive use of antibiotics by farmers (Khatun et al ., 2018).…”