Validation of the Chinese Parental Sacrifice for Child’s Education Scale

Abstract

Based on the data collected from a sample of parents (n = 125) and a sample of adolescents (n = 373) in Hong Kong, the psychometric properties of the Chinese Parental Sacrifi ce on Child ' s Education Scale (SA) are examined in this paper. Results showed that the scale had good reliability (internal consistency and test-retest reliability) and convergent validity in both samples. For the dimensionality of the measure, a 3-factor structure was extracted from the adolescent sample and a 5-factor structure was extracted from the parent sample. The present study is a pioneering attempt to assess parental sacrifi ce for child ' s education in Chinese communities.

A Qualitative Study of Urban, Chinese Middle-Class Mothers’ Parenting for Adolescents

“…Several mothers specifically stated that their children were the most important part of their lives and that they gave up substantial personal time, space, even their entire careers, to take care of their children. This view of parental self-sacrifice as a key component of Chinese parenting has been documented in previous research (e.g., Chao, 1994;Chao & Kaeochinda, 2010;Leung & Shek, 2011). As is typical in most urban Chinese families (Zeng & Wang, 2003), most mothers in our sample had only one child.…”

Cultural family beliefs, maternal sacrifice, and adolescent psychological competence in Chinese poor single‐mother families

“…The three factors were “time spent and restructuring of daily schedule” (eight items, 38.92% of the variance), “struggling for financial resources” (nine items, 7.47% of the variance) and “personal sacrifice and concealing one's worries” (six items, 4.89% of the variance). The results resembled the three factors extracted in the exploratory factor analysis of a previous validation study (Leung & Shek, ).…”

“…Based on the theories of family capital, family investment, and parental involvement (e.g., Coleman, ), together with the qualitative data of Chinese parents and adolescents, a 23‐item indigenous MSA assessing maternal sacrifice was developed on a 6‐point Likert scale (1 = Strongly disagree, 6 = Strongly agree). An item sample is “Even when my mother is tired, she tries her best to understand my school life.” MSA showed good psychometric properties in validation studies (Leung & Shek, ) and confirmatory factor analyses (Leung, Shek, & Ma, ). In this study, three factors were extracted from exploratory factor analysis, namely: time spent and restructuring of daily schedule (α = 0.88), struggling for financial resources (α = 0.76), and personal sacrifice and concealing one's worries (α = 0.86; Table ).…”

Parenting for resilience: family processes and psychosocial competence of Chinese adolescents experiencing economic disadvantage in Hong Kong

“…Examples of the items are " To fulfi ll my educational needs, my father eats and wears less " and " Even if my father is tired, he tries his best to understand my school life " . APSA and AMSA showed internal consistency, divergent validity, and factorial validity in the validation study [52] . Higher scores indicate greater parental sacrifi ce for children ' s education.…”