Validation of the Arabic version of medication adherence report scale questionnaire and beliefs about medication -specific questionnaire: A factor analysis study

Abstract

Medication Adherence Report Scale questionnaire (MARS-5) and the Beliefs about Medication Questionnaire-specific (BMQ-specific) are well known tools to assess adherence to medication and beliefs of chronic patients. However, validated Arabic versions of such questionnaires are lacking. We aim to validate the Arabic versions of BMQ-specific and MARS-5. In this study, a cross-sectional study was performed between November 2019 and March 2020. Participants were reached from secondary and tertiary care clinics in Jordan. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to validate the employed questionnaires on the tested sample. The internal consistency of the questionnaires was assessed by calculating Cronbach’s alpha, and Cronbach’s alpha if item is deleted. A total of 485 patients who met the inclusion criteria were recruited. The mean age of the participants was 57.14 years (22–82 years); and 39% of the participants were older than 65 years. The most common chronic diseases reported by participants were hypertension and diabetes mellitus, 35.7 and 32.2% respectively. EFA suggested two-factor model for BMQ-specific and one-factor model for MARS-5 which was confirmed by CFA analyses. The resulted Cronbach’s alphas of the questionnaires ranged from 0.89–0.93. Both analyses showed that the Arabic versions of both MARS-5 and BMQ-specific are valid and can be used for the suggested study population. Further validation-based research may enhance the transcultural adaptation of such questionnaires.

Using the 5-Item Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS-5) to Screen for Non-adherence to Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation After Bariatric Surgery

“…The study demonstrates acceptable psychometric properties of MARS-5, suggesting MARS-5 as an easily accessible, inexpensive method for assessing adherence to vitamin and mineral supplementation in clinical follow-up after bariatric surgery. MARS-5 performed well on the test of reliability, showing good internal consistency with high Cronbach's α which confirms results from previous validations of the MARS-5 for medical treatment of other conditions [17,18,22,26].…”

“…Floor and ceiling effects were assessed for MARS-5. A floor or ceiling effect means that >15% of patients receive the instrument's highest or lowest value [22].…”

“…The 5-item Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS-5) is a widely used instrument for self-reported adherence to medication that has been tested for various pharmaceutical treatments [17]. MARS-5 assesses non-adherence behaviour in a non-threatening and non-judgmental way and has been translated into several languages [18][19][20][21][22]. Existing validations on the accuracy of MARS-5 for different medications cannot be generalized as valid for vitamin and mineral supplementation, as adherence behaviours to vitamin and mineral supplementation may differ from adherence behaviours to pharmaceutical treatment [23].…”

Determinants of Health-Related Quality of Life in Outpatients with Myocardial Infarction

“…The validated Arabic version of the BMQ was used to assess common personal beliefs regarding the necessity and concerns associated with the use of prescription drugs. 26,27 The BMQ-specific questionnaire comprises 10 items divided into two scales, with 5 items each. Participants responded to the questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale, where 1 represented strong agreement, 2 indicated agreement, 3 denoted uncertainties, 4 indicated disagreement, and 5 represented strong disagreement.…”

Validation of the Arabic version of the general medication adherence scale in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Jordan

“…In the past, adherence to medication among patients in Jordan has been documented using the Arabic versions of the 8–item Morisky’s Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS—8), Beliefs about Medication Questionnaire (BMQ), and Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS) ( Awwad et al, 2015 ; Basheti et al, 2016 ; Alsous et al, 2017 ; Al‐Qudah et al, 2018 ; Al-Qerem et al, 2021 ; Al-Qerem et al, 2022 ). Recently, the Arabic version of the General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS) was validated in patients with chronic diseases in Saudi Arabia and in patients with diabetes in Sudan and Morocco ( Al-Qasem et al, 2011 ; Mahmoud et al, 2021 ; Maryem et al, 2023 ).…”