Validation of single daytime samples of human milk to estimate the 24-h concentration of lipids in urban Guatemalan mothers

Ruel, Marie T.; Dewey, Kathryn G.; Martínez, C. de Frutos; Flores, Rafael; Brown, Kenneth H.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/65.2.439

Cited by 55 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…By contrast, Prentice et al (1981a) reported higher levels of milk fat in the morning compared with the afternoon in rural Africa, possibly attributed to a greater degree of night feeding in this non-Western population. Standardizing milk collection to a particular time of day, preferably in the morning, is preferred for milk collection protocols (Garza and Butte, 1986;Ruel et al, 1997).…”

Section: Sources Of Variation In Human Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, the changes in fat and fat-soluble components of milk can be problematic for researchers attempting to collect a representative milk sample (Garza and Butte, 1986). Herein, we review several sampling methods that may be of interest to researchers (Butte et al, 1983;Neville, 1995;Neville et al, 1984Neville et al, , 2002Picciano, 1984;Prentice et al, 1981a;Ruel et al, 1997) but should note that this list is primarily targeted toward human biologists and will not contain all methodologies currently available to clinicians. Ultimately, the sampling protocol should be the ''best fit'' for the milk constituent of interest while also considering possible limitations from the population or the field conditions (Neville, 1995).…”

Section: Milk Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ultimately, the sampling protocol should be the ''best fit'' for the milk constituent of interest while also considering possible limitations from the population or the field conditions (Neville, 1995). Collection protocols must also be sensitive to possible diurnal variation in milk composition (Ruel et al, 1997), longitudinal changes associated with postpartum duration (Mitoulas et al, 2002), possible seasonal effects (Prentice et al, 1981b), time since last feed (Daly et al, 1993a;Kent et al, 2006), volume of milk consumed at the prior feed (Daly et al, 1993a), and maternal physiological let down (Neville et al, 1984). We recommend standardizing collection as much as possible and recruiting as many participants as the research can support to help statistically control for these variables.…”

Section: Milk Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Field and laboratory methods in human milk research

Miller

Aiello

Fujita

et al. 2012

American J Hum Biol

120

108

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Human milk is a complex and variable fluid of increasing interest to human biologists who study nutrition and health. The collection and analysis of human milk poses many practical and ethical challenges to field workers, who must balance both appropriate methodology with the needs of participating mothers and infants and logistical challenges to collection and analysis. In this review, we address various collection methods, volume measurements, and ethical considerations and make recommendations for field researchers. We also review frequently used methods for the analysis of fat, protein, sugars/lactose, and specific biomarkers in human milk. Finally, we address new technologies in human milk research, the MIRIS Human Milk Analyzer and dried milk spots, which will improve the ability of human biologists and anthropologists to study human milk in field settings. Am.

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Section: Sources Of Variation In Human Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Milk Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Milk Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Field and laboratory methods in human milk research

Miller

Aiello

Fujita

et al. 2012

American J Hum Biol

120

108

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“…Of all the nutrients in human milk, lipids show the greatest variability. Milk fat composition may be influenced by maternal diet (Lönnerdal, 1986;Ruel et al, 1997;Francois et al, 1998;Jensen, 1999;Pugo-Gunsam et al, 1999;Koletzko et al, 2001), but significant variations have also been found in the same woman between feeds (Boersma et al, 1991;Jensen, 1999), within a feed (Ruel et al, 1997;Jensen, 1999), and between breasts (Hytten, 1954;Brown et al, 1982;Neville et al, 1984;Jensen, 1999). Significant differences in triacylglycerol (TAG) content have been found between samples taken before and after nursing (Hromadová et al, 1991) and among samples from different lengths of lactation (Harzer et al, 1983;Lyapkov & Kiseleva, 1992b;Martin et al, 1993;Morera et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triacylglycerol markers of mature human milk

et al. 2003

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Objectives: To determine which triacylglycerol (TAG) species in mature human milk are less affected by external factors and may thus be considered as TAG markers, as well as to determine which species are most influenced by these external conditions. Furthermore, we examine the correlation between the TAG markers and their fatty acids (FAs). Setting and subjects: Six healthy women from Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). Design and interventions: In order to obtain the maximum variability of sampling conditions, 40 mature human milk samples were collected from different mothers, on different days, at different times of the day, and from different breasts during and after both the baby's and mother's meal. TAG and FA profiles were determined and correlated. The TAG composition was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with an evaporative light-scattering detector, and also with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. FAs compositions were determined by gas chromatography. Results: The results were analysed using the SPSS statistical package and proved to be more variable than might have been found in a more restrictive sample design. Nevertheless, despite these conditions, some TAG species were found in relatively constant levels in mature human milk, and could thus be considered as markers of the mature milk TAG profile. TAG species that we can classify in this group were: LaMO, CaPO, LaCaO, LaPCa, LaOL, MPLn, LLO, LaOO, MPL, and MOL. The names do not indicate the location of fatty acids in the glycerol molecule. On the other hand, concentrations of other TAG species vary considerably between samples and consequently these may be understood to be especially affected by the external factors. TAGs like PaLS, MPO, PaOO, PPP, MPS, SPP, LOO, PPO, MOS, SSP, POL, and SOS are in this second group. Correlation between the TAG markers and their FAs was examined by Pearson's test and a significant correlation was found for some FAs. Conclusions:The TAG species present in mature human milk are affected in different ways by external factors such as dietary intake, nutritional status, length of lactation, time of the day, etc. Some TAGs may be considered as markers of mature human milk as they are relatively constant under a wide range of sampling conditions and do not depend on the factors mentioned.

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“…Fat is the macronutrient in milk that varies most in concentration and has been shown to be higher in well-nourished mothers than in their poorly nourished counterparts (5) . Fat concentration is higher in mature milk than in colostrum, and somewhat higher in breast milk of mothers from affluent compared with poor societies (6) .…”

Section: Breast Milk Fat and Retinolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adequacy of vitamin A and fat in the breast milk of lactating women in south Sri Lanka

Liyanage

Hettiarachchi

Mangalajeewa

et al. 2008

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To determine vitamin A (retinol) and fat concentrations in breast milk during early lactation. Methods: Healthy lactating women (n 88) aged between 18 and 35 years were randomly selected for the study from urban, semi-urban, rural and estate (plantation) sectors of Galle District. Their anthropometry was recorded; breast milk samples were collected from the right breast one hour after the last feed. Breast milk retinol was determined by HPLC and fat content by the crematocrit method. Results: Subjects were in the 2nd to 9th month of lactation. Retinol concentrations of the breast milk samples ranged from 0?10 to 2?46 mmol/l, with a mean of 0?50 mmol/l, and correlated positively with parity (Pearson correlation coefficient, r 5 0?307; P 5 0?01) and negatively with period of lactation (r 5 20?209; P 5 0?05). The fat content of breast milk ranged between 5?09 and 56?46 g/l with a mean of 26?95 g/l. A significant difference in either breast milk fat or retinol content and mean birth weight of the babies was not seen between the groups. The ratio of retinol to fat in breast milk was positively correlated with weight (r 5 0?274; P 5 0?01) and height (r 5 0?328; P , 0?001) of the mothers. Conclusions: In this primary investigation on breast milk quality the fat content was found to be marginal; the majority of lactating mothers (92?0 %) were not providing the minimum daily requirement (1?05 mmol/l) of retinol to their babies. Keywords Breast milk fat and retinolLactating women Period of lactation Breast milk is a natural source of vitamin A and its close association with maternal vitamin A intake is well established (1) . Vitamin A-deficient lactating mothers may not have enough vitamin A in breast milk to maintain and build body reserves in their rapidly growing infants (2) . Vitamin A intake and status during the third trimester of pregnancy affect the retinol concentration in breast milk (3) .Vitamin A in breast milk is found almost exclusively in fat; thus factors that can affect breast milk fat concentration may affect the vitamin A concentration as well (4) . Fat is the macronutrient in milk that varies most in concentration and has been shown to be higher in well-nourished mothers than in their poorly nourished counterparts (5) . Fat concentration is higher in mature milk than in colostrum, and somewhat higher in breast milk of mothers from affluent compared with poor societies (6) .In Sri Lanka, no data are available on breast milk quality. The present study was therefore designed to assess the vitamin A (retinol) and fat concentrations of breast milk during 3-7 months of lactation and to determine any variation in the levels among women living in different geographical settings. We hypothesized that the economic and nutritional status of the subjects would be different in different settings of the study population and that the contents of vitamin A and fatty acids of breast milk would show differences according to the stratum to which the lactating mother belonged. Sample and methods SampleT...

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Validation of single daytime samples of human milk to estimate the 24-h concentration of lipids in urban Guatemalan mothers

Cited by 55 publications

References 22 publications

Field and laboratory methods in human milk research

Field and laboratory methods in human milk research

Triacylglycerol markers of mature human milk

Adequacy of vitamin A and fat in the breast milk of lactating women in south Sri Lanka

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